{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:22:55Z","timestamp":1791991375211,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE023810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE023810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE031274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE031274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T90DE026110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T90DE026110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Patescibacteriota, also known as the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), represent a large lineage of ultrasmall bacteria with highly reduced genomes and obligate dependence on bacterial hosts. Although genomic analyses have revealed CRISPR\u2013Cas and restriction\u2013modification systems in many CPR genomes, no cognate bacteriophages (phages) have been isolated, leaving CPR\u2013phage interactions unexplored.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Nanosynbacter lyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    TM7x, the first cultivated CPR bacterium, grows episymbiotically on its host,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Schaalia odontolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    XH001, in the human oral microbiome. Here, we identify Xhp1, an inducible prophage of XH001 that is preferentially activated during episymbiosis with TM7x. Released Xhp1 particles infect prophage-free XH001 via distinct strategies determined by host growth mode, establishing lysogeny under planktonic conditions but driving lytic infection during surface-associated growth. Xhp1 also binds efficiently to TM7x and exhibits limited infection under the conditions tested, indicating direct phage\u2013CPR interactions. Importantly, TM7x modulates Xhp1 availability in a spatially dependent manner. In planktonic culture, free-floating TM7x reduces lysogenic conversion of XH001\u0394Xhp1, consistent with TM7x acting as a phage sink that lowers effective phage concentration. In contrast, during surface-associated growth, TM7x increases XH001\u0394Xhp1 susceptibility to lytic infection, likely by locally concentrating phage particles within a constrained niche. These results demonstrate that CPR bacteria can regulate viral encounter rates through spatial organization. In spatially structured environments such as oral biofilms, such modulation may shape infection dynamics and community structure. Together, this work characterizes the first CPR-targeting phage and reveals a an important role for phages in CPR\u2013host bacteria interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2615890123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:47:37Z","timestamp":1788889657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A host-encoded prophage targets a Candidate Phyla Radiation bacterium and shapes episymbiotic interactions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9757-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cb9nn43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, American Dental Association Forsyth 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