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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Post-transcriptional transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications dynamically regulate translational capacity, yet whether the tRNA epitranscriptome is temporally coordinated with gene expression programs during bacterial growth remains unknown. Here, we combine time-resolved nanopore tRNA sequencing, liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry modification profiling, transcriptomics, and proteomics across the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    PA14 growth cycle to show that tRNA-modifying enzymes, the corresponding tRNA modifications, and modification-dependent genes are expressed in a coordinated temporal cascade. GidA-dependent 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    s\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    U) modifications exemplify this program: GidA expression peaks during early growth, followed by rising mnm\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    s\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    U levels coinciding with maximal expression of genes enriched in rare AGA and UUA codons, with a concomitant enrichment of virulence-associated functions. This sequential pattern is consistent with a feedforward architecture in which the modification machinery acts in advance of translational demands. This mechanism is especially relevant for a set of horizontally acquired genes, suggesting that temporally programmed tRNA epitranscriptomic remodeling may help bridge local codon usage deviations between horizontally acquired genes and the core translational context.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2615985123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:15:22Z","timestamp":1790961322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic tRNA modification programs align codon usage with growth-phase-specific gene expression in\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2485-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick 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