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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    are unicellular parasites that cause the serious disease leishmaniasis, presenting ongoing global challenges as existing treatments face issues with resistance and toxicity.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    contain a single motile flagellum, essential for transmission, which has the conserved [9 + 2] microtubule arrangement. We used cryoelectron tomography to determine the ultrastructure of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania tarentolae<\/jats:italic>\n                    96-nm repeat and paraflagellar rod. While the overall structure, including three broad radial spokes and two-headed outer dynein arms, resembles other eukaryotes like\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma brucei, Tetrahymena,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Opisthokonts, the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    flagellum also exhibits unique and asymmetrical features. These include asymmetrically shaped radial spoke heads similar to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting this may represent a kinetoplastid-specific feature. Further,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    contain an additional inner-junction and 8-nm wide A2 protofilament hole. Strikingly,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    have many doublet-specific structures such as outer dynein arm tethers, interdoublet linkers, and heterogeneous connections to the paraflagellar rod. In this work, we show that divergent structural traits of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    flagella highlight lineage-specific adaptations within eukaryotes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2616874123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:44:30Z","timestamp":1792601070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling the structure of\n                    <i>Leishmania<\/i>\n                    flagella through cryoelectron tomography"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7043-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan","family":"Wilburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5656-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Pinskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1863-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3844-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binita","family":"Nepal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhan","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3990-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0122-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Nicastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05byvp690","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0209-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-195407000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar1968"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06140-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200504008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007828"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-021-00232-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"3130","article-title":"The Src kinases Hck, Fgr and Lyn activate Arg to facilitate IgG-mediated phagocytosis and Leishmania infection","volume":"129","author":"Wetzel D. 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