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Genetic analysis indicated that toxicity was due to completion of the flagellar hook, which activated the flagellar sigma factor SigD. SigD, in turn, activated a suite of peptidoglycan degrading enzymes that caused cellular lysis when PBP1 was absent. In addition, mutations that resulted in high levels of the stress response transcription factor Spx could lessen the toxicity, while PBPX, a putative teichoic acid D-alanylase, was required for autolysis. In sum, our results indicate that flagellar synthesis, not normally associated with cell viability, causes cell wall stress and under some conditions, cell death. 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