{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:35:16Z","timestamp":1793140516887,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KAKENHI","award":["23K05790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K05790"]}]},{"name":"KAKENHI","award":["22K06232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K06232"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004398","name":"Mitsubishi Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant","award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Genetics under the Joint Research Program","award":["66A2021 18A2022 31A2023 26A2024 and 3B2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66A2021 18A2022 31A2023 26A2024 and 3B2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xg1m795","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The acquisition of paired appendages was a key innovation in vertebrate evolution. Although\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HoxA\/D<\/jats:italic>\n                    paralog groups (PGs) 9\u201313 play central roles in patterning paired fins and limbs, the evolutionary origin of this paired appendage-patterning system remains unknown. Here, we show that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HoxA\/D<\/jats:italic>\n                    PG9\u201310 genes are essential for the early establishment of pelvic fin progenitors in zebrafish, and that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hox9\u201310<\/jats:italic>\n                    function is similarly required for hindlimb progenitor formation in the Iberian ribbed newt. In zebrafish, combined disruption of five\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HoxA\/D<\/jats:italic>\n                    PG9\u201310 genes abolishes the detectable pelvic fin progenitor population, resulting in complete loss of pelvic fins. A\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tg(hoxa10b:EGFP)<\/jats:italic>\n                    reporter labeled cells in the presumptive pelvic fin field before pelvic fin bud formation. Importantly, simultaneous CRISPR-mediated disruption of all seven\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hox9\u201310<\/jats:italic>\n                    paralogs in the Iberian ribbed newt similarly impaired the establishment of hindlimb progenitors, suggesting that an early requirement for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hox9\u201310<\/jats:italic>\n                    function in hind appendage development predates the divergence of ray-finned and lobe-finned vertebrates. Together, these findings identify an evolutionarily conserved role for posterior\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hox9\u201310<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in the initial establishment of hind appendage progenitors. Because overlapping posterior Hox paralog groups are subsequently deployed during paired appendage patterning, this early\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hox9\u201310<\/jats:italic>\n                    requirement provides a developmental link between the posterior axial Hox code and the paired appendage-patterning system. Our results are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that recruitment of a posterior Hox code into hind appendage progenitor formation contributed to the evolutionary assembly of the vertebrate paired appendage-patterning system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2621291123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:39:04Z","timestamp":1792172344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A conserved Hox9\u201310 code underlies the early establishment of hind appendage progenitors in zebrafish and the Iberian ribbed newt"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6208-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidemichi","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02evnh647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Life Science, 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