{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T19:16:45Z","timestamp":1788203805856,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG076580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG076580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies proposed that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination may sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy through immune modulation. Using 100% national Medicare fee-for-service claims data, we evaluated whether survival differences among vaccinated patients receiving ICIs were specific to mRNA vaccines. Among 121,676 beneficiaries initiating systemic anticancer therapy, including 10,824 initiating ICIs, vaccination near treatment initiation was associated with lower mortality across mRNA COVID-19, adenoviral COVID-19, and influenza vaccines. We found that survival associations and formal vaccine\u2013ICI interaction effects were similar across vaccine platforms. These findings suggest that currently available population-level survival data do not isolate an mRNA-specific tumor-sensitization mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2621501123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T19:03:24Z","timestamp":1788203004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interpreting vaccine-associated survival differences in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Karadakic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a28rw58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Z\u00fcrich","place":["Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8274-4681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Keating","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services, Policy & Practice, Brown University School of Public Health","place":["Providence"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09655-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Jee Deconvolving SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine impact on immunotherapy-related survival. Cancer Discov. 10.1101\/2025.11.21.25340753 (2026).","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.21.25340753"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2026.1085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-25-00102"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2621501123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T19:04:21Z","timestamp":1788203061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2621501123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2621501123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2621501123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2621501123"}}