{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:32:41Z","timestamp":1781105561738,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A number of disorders affecting speech, learning, and behavior have a 3:1 or greater male:female ratio. This has usually been explained on the basis of a developmental model postulating a difference in the young male versus female brain. Tourette syndrome is a hereditary neurobehavioral disorder due to a single major autosomal gene. It is associated with learning disorders and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and shows a similar predilection for males. Because of the more obvious nature of the tics and vocal noises, it is uniquely suited for examining an alternative hypothesis of an X-linked modifying gene to account for the increased incidence in males. Two alternative models tested were an autosomal modifying gene and the developmental model. Family pedigrees on a series of 430 consecutive cases of Tourette syndrome with 966 age-corrected offspring were used to compare the observed affected and unaffected sons and daughters for nine different phenotype matings with the expected ratios for three different models. The X-linked modifier model provided a better fit to the observed data and accounted for marked differences in the percentage of affected sons and daughters when the father versus the mother transmitted the Tourette syndrome gene. A similar model may account for the male predominance in other genetically influenced disorders of speech, learning, and behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.8.2551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T06:17:00Z","timestamp":1149056220000},"page":"2551-2555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evidence for an X-linked modifier gene affecting the expression of Tourette syndrome and its relevance to the increased frequency of speech, cognitive, and behavioral disorders in males."],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"D E","family":"Comings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B G","family":"Comings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,4]]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.83.8.2551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T12:09:47Z","timestamp":1649851787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.83.8.2551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.83.8.2551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.83.8.2551","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1986-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}