{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:32:02Z","timestamp":1781105522490,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Paramyosin (Sm97), a 97-kDa myofibrillar protein identified by the unusually monospecific antibody response induced by intradermal vaccination of mice with a complex soluble worm antigen preparation (SWAP) of adult Schistosoma mansoni administered with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), was purified and tested for its capacity to protect mice against challenge infection. When administered intradermally with BCG at total doses of only 4-40 micrograms per mouse, both the native molecule and a recombinant expression product containing approximately 50% of the whole protein were found to confer significant resistance (26-33%) against challenge infection, while 2 mg of unfractionated SWAP was required to induce similar levels of protection. In addition, paramyosin was shown to stimulate T lymphocytes from vaccinated mice to produce lymphokines [e.g., gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)] that activate macrophages to kill schistosomula. Neither schistosome myosin nor a heterologous paramyosin from a different invertebrate genus were protective, indicating a requirement for specific epitopes in the immunization. That the protection induced by paramyosin involves a T-cell-mediated mechanism was supported by the failure of anti-paramyosin antibodies to passively transfer significant resistance to infection to recipient mice. Lymphocytes from mice vaccinated with paramyosin were found to produce IFN-gamma in response to living schistosomula, suggesting that during challenge infection of vaccinated hosts, paramyosin (a nonsurface antigen) may elicit a protective T-cell response as a consequence of its release from migrating parasite larvae. Paramyosin-depleted SWAP was also found to be protective as well as stimulatory for T lymphocytes from SWAP-vaccinated mice, indicating that other antigens in this preparation may have immunoprophylactic potential. In summary, these results (i) suggest that the induction of T-cell-dependent cell-mediated immunity against soluble nonsurface antigens may be an effective strategy for immunization against multicellular parasites and (ii) in the case of schistosomes, identify paramyosin as a candidate vaccine immunogen in this category.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T06:40:44Z","timestamp":1149057644000},"page":"5678-5682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Induction of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni by vaccination with schistosome paramyosin (Sm97), a nonsurface parasite antigen."],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"E J","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cell Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S L","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cell Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Hieny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cell Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D E","family":"Lanar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cell Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Sher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cell Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T12:41:49Z","timestamp":1649853709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5678","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1988-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}