{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:58:47Z","timestamp":1792180727913,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), also known as cachectin, was demonstrated to induce the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a chronically infected T-cell clone (ACH-2). Concentrations of recombinant TNF-alpha as low as 50 pg\/ml induced a significant increase over background of HIV expression in the ACH-2 cells as determined by supernatant reverse transcriptase activity. The HIV-inducing effects of TNF-alpha could not be explained by toxic effects on the cells. In addition, both the uninfected parental cell line (A3.01) and the infected ACH-2 cells were shown to have high-affinity receptors for TNF-alpha. Transient-transfection experiments demonstrated that the inductive effects of TNF-alpha were due to specific activation of the HIV long terminal repeat. These studies provide evidence that TNF-alpha may play a role in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of HIV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.7.2365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T07:15:35Z","timestamp":1149059735000},"page":"2365-2368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":522,"title":["Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces expression of human immunodeficiency virus in a chronically infected T-cell clone."],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"T M","family":"Folks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K A","family":"Clouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Justement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Rabson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Duh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J H","family":"Kehrl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A S","family":"Fauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.86.7.2365","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T12:55:08Z","timestamp":1649854508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.86.7.2365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.86.7.2365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.86.7.2365","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1989-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}