{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:13:07Z","timestamp":1791443587601,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To assess changes in epidermis-derived cytokine mRNA levels early in the afferent phase of allergic contact sensitivity, total epidermal mRNA was analyzed at various times after painting skin with haptens. We used a sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique to quantitatively compare the regulation patterns of the following mRNAs: class II major histocompatibility complex I-A alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL) 1 alpha, IL-1 beta, interferon (IFN) gamma, granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFN-induced protein 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Enhanced Langerhans cell-derived IL-1 beta mRNA signals were detected as early as 15 min after skin painting with allergens. TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNAs were found to be upregulated after application of allergens, irritant, and tolerogens, but class II major histocompatibility complex I-A alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IFN-induced protein 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 mRNAs were upregulated only after allergen painting. Depletion of specific cell populations demonstrated that Langerhans cells were the primary source of the IL-1 beta and class II major histocompatibility complex I-A alpha mRNAs, keratinocytes were the primary source of TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, IFN-induced protein 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and infiltrating T lymphocytes were the source of IFN-gamma. Relevance of the molecular findings was demonstrated by the identification of biologically active IL-1 alpha and immunoreactive TNF-alpha in culture supernatants. These studies demonstrate that Langerhans cell-derived and certain keratinocyte-derived cytokine mRNAs are selectively upregulated by allergens in the very early afferent phase of contact sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T08:16:50Z","timestamp":1149063410000},"page":"1398-1402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":475,"title":["Early molecular events in the induction phase of contact sensitivity."],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"A H","family":"Enk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S I","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,15]]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T13:30:43Z","timestamp":1649856643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,15]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1398","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1992-02-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}