{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:19:16Z","timestamp":1790327956901,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Defining the factors and\/or mechanisms that lead to the predominance of a particular CD4+ T-cell subset (Th-1 vs. Th-2) is an area of intense investigation. In murine schistosomiasis, Th-2-type T cells become predominant after deposition of eggs. The most immunoreactive egg components are glycoproteins. Previously we identified two interesting oligosaccharides found on schistosome eggs and schistosomula. One, lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP-III) contains the interesting trisaccharide Lewisx, which is a weak ligand for P-selectin and is a sugar also found on the alpha and beta chains of the integrin lymphocyte function-associated molecule 1, a ligand for intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Because of the correlation between schistosome egg glycoproteins and Th-2 dominance, the present study examined whether LNFP-III and structurally related oligosaccharides were lymphostimulatory and\/or able to induce factors known to down-regulate Th-1 cells. We found that LNFP-III and related sugars did induce proliferation of splenic non-T cells, B220+,CD4-,CD8- cells (B cells) of schistosome-infected and naive mice. In contrast to proliferation, LNFP-III was the only oligosaccharide that induced spleen cells to produce large amounts of interleukin 10 and prostaglandin E2, two molecules known to down-regulate Th-1 cells. Further, only spleen cells from infected mice produced cytokines after oligosaccharide stimulation. Interestingly, LNFP-III stimulation did not induce production of interleukin 4. Thus, a specific carbohydrate ligand has been identified that stimulates B cells to proliferate and produce factors that down-regulate Th-1 T cells. Further, we suggest that identical or structurally related ligands may contribute to the known Th-1 down-regulation in other parasitic diseases and in chronic blood-vascular diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus infection and a number of metastatic carcinomas and that this effect may, therefore, be a general phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T08:44:55Z","timestamp":1149065095000},"page":"18-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["Oligosaccharide-specific induction of interleukin 10 production by B220+ cells from schistosome-infected mice: a mechanism for regulation of CD4+ T-cell subsets."],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Velupillai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D A","family":"Harn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,4]]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.91.1.18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T13:37:55Z","timestamp":1649857075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.91.1.18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.91.1.18"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.91.1.18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1994-01-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}