{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:37:21Z","timestamp":1791117441040,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Superantigens, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and allergic diseases associated with polyclonal B cell activation. In this report, we studied the in vitro effects of TSST-1 on B cell activation. We show herein that TSST-1 produced antagonistic effects on Ig synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal subjects, depending on the concentration used; Ig production was inhibited at 1000 pg\/ml (P &lt; 0.01) and enhanced at 1 and 0.01 pg\/ml (P &lt; 0.01) of toxin. Cultures of PBMC were then examined for morphologic features and DNA fragmentation characteristic for apoptosis. B cells exhibited a significantly higher (P &lt; 0.01) incidence of apoptosis after stimulation with 1000 pg\/ml of TSST-1 compared with 1 or 0.01 pg\/ml of toxin or medium alone. Abundant expression of Fas, a cell surface protein that mediates apoptosis, was detected on B cells after stimulation with 1000 pg\/ml of TSST-1 and was significantly higher on B cells undergoing apoptosis than on live cells (P = 0.01). Additionally, increased Fas expression and B cell death occurred at concentrations of TSST-1 inducing the production of high amounts of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and both events could be blocked by neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma antibody. These findings suggest that high concentrations of TSST-1 can induce IFN-gamma-dependent B cell apoptosis, whereas at low concentrations it stimulates Ig synthesis by PBMC from normal subjects. These findings support the concept that staphylococcal toxins have a role in B cell hyperactivity in autoimmunity and allergy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.11.5425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:34:16Z","timestamp":1027679656000},"page":"5425-5430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Differential effects of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 on B cell apoptosis."],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"M F","family":"Hofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, The National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, The National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R C","family":"Duke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, The National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P M","family":"Schlievert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, The National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J H","family":"Freed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, The National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D Y","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, The National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,28]]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.93.11.5425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T14:01:37Z","timestamp":1649858497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.93.11.5425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,28]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.93.11.5425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.93.11.5425","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1996-05-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}