{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:15:52Z","timestamp":1790900152655,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Melatonin production in the chick pineal gland is high at night and low during the day. This rhythm reflects circadian changes in the activity of serotonin\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -acetyltransferase, AA-NAT; EC\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"ec\" xlink:href=\"2.3.1.87\">2.3.1.87<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ), the penultimate enzyme in melatonin synthesis. In contrast to the external regulation of pineal rhythms in mammals by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, rhythmic changes in AA-NAT activity in cultured chick pineal cells are controlled by an oscillator located in the pineal cells themselves. Here we present evidence that the chick pineal clock generates a rhythm in the abundance of AA-NAT mRNA in cultured cells that parallels the rhythm in AA-NAT activity. In contrast, elevating cAMP by forskolin treatment markedly increases AA-NAT activity without producing strong changes in AA-NAT mRNA levels, and lowering cAMP by norepinephrine treatment decreases enzyme activity without markedly decreasing mRNA. These results suggest that clock-controlled changes in AA-NAT activity occur primarily through changes at the mRNA level, whereas cAMP-controlled changes occur primarily through changes at the protein level. Related studies indicate that the clock-dependent nocturnal increase in AA-NAT mRNA requires gene expression but not\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    protein synthesis, and that AA-NAT mRNA levels are suppressed at all times of the day by a rapidly turning over protein. Further analysis of the regulation of chick pineal AA-NAT mRNA is likely to enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of vertebrate circadian rhythms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.1.304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:31:39Z","timestamp":1027679499000},"page":"304-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Chick pineal clock regulates serotonin\n                    <i>N<\/i>\n                    -acetyltransferase mRNA rhythm in\u2009culture"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Marianne","family":"Bernard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480; and Section on Biochemical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David\u2009C.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480; and Section on Biochemical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Zatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.5.1824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Melatonin and the Mammalian Pineal Gland","author":"Arendt J","year":"1995","unstructured":"J Arendt Melatonin and the Mammalian Pineal Gland (Chapman & Hall, London, 1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90099-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind\u2019s Clock","author":"Karsch F J","year":"1991","unstructured":"F J Karsch, C J I Woodfill, B Malpaux, J E Robinson, N L Wayne Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind\u2019s Clock, eds D C Klein, R Y Moore, S M Reppert (Oxford Univ. 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(Pittman London) pp. 38\u201356."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.214852"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/282094a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.569904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00188110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91553-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90142-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb11704.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90578-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3950.1093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.181.4096.273.b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68010213.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91339-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00651-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(86)90326-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04897.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-2760(96)00033-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"279","volume":"45","author":"Takahashi J S","year":"1989","unstructured":"J S Takahashi, N Murakami, S N Nikaido, B L Pratt, L M Robertson Rec Prog Horm Res 45, 279\u2013352 (1989).","journal-title":"Rec Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049200700404"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.94.1.304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T14:44:53Z","timestamp":1649861093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.94.1.304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,7]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.94.1.304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.94.1.304","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1996-08-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1996-11-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1997-01-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}