{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:15:43Z","timestamp":1781108143139,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice develop an anti-exocrine gland pathology similar to human Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Recently, we demonstrated that NOD-\n                    <jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice develop severe loss of submandibular acinar cells with concomitant appearance of abnormal isoforms of salivary proteins suggesting\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    enzymatic cleavage. Because these changes may indicate activation of apoptotic proteases, we examined saliva and salivary tissue for cysteine protease activity. Cysteine protease activities were elevated in saliva and gland lysates from 20-week-old NOD and NOD-\n                    <jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice as compared with age- and sex-matched BALB\/c or 8-week-old NOD mice. This activity appeared in the submandibular glands, but not in the parotid glands. Western blot analyses using antibodies directed against specific apoptotic proteases (interleukin 1\u03b2 converting enzyme, Nedd-2, and Apopain\/CPP 32) confirmed these findings. Submandibular glands from NOD-\n                    <jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice exhibited the greatest increase in proteolytic activity, indicating that infiltrating leukocytes are not responsible for these changes. Western blot analyses also failed to reveal changes in the levels of cystatins (saliva proteins that inhibit protease activity). Thus, increased cysteine protease activity appears to be directly related to submandibular acinar cell loss in NOD-\n                    <jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice involving the apoptotic pathway. Additional protease activity in saliva and gland lysates of older NOD and NOD-\n                    <jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice, apparently mutually distinct from cysteine proteases, generated an enzymatically cleaved parotid secretory protein. We suggest, therefore, that proteolytic enzyme activity contributes to loss of exocrine gland tolerance by generating abnormally processed protein constituents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.11.5767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:43:20Z","timestamp":1027680200000},"page":"5767-5771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Elevated levels of cysteine protease activity in saliva and salivary glands of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model for Sj\u00f6gren\u2009syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oral Biology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Yamachika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oral Biology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie E.","family":"Alford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oral Biology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oral Biology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar L.","family":"Pichardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oral Biology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niel","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oral Biology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammon B.","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oral Biology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Humphreys-Beher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Oral Biology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","unstructured":"Gottlieb P.\u2009A. 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