{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:33:07Z","timestamp":1791325987386,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    After infection with the digenetic trematode\n                    <jats:italic>Echinostoma paraensei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , hemolymph of the snail\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    contains lectins comprised of 65-kDa subunits that precipitate polypeptides secreted by\n                    <jats:italic>E. paraensei<\/jats:italic>\n                    intramolluscan larvae. Comparable activity is lacking in hemolymph of uninfected snails. Three different cDNAs with sequence similarities to peptides derived from the 65-kDa lectins were obtained and unexpectedly found to encode fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs). These FREPs also contained regions with sequence similarity to Ig superfamily members.\n                    <jats:italic>B. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    has at least five FREP genes, three of which are expressed at increased levels after infection. Elucidation of components of the defense system of\n                    <jats:italic>B. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    is relevant because this snail is an intermediate host for\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the most widely distributed causative agent of human schistosomiasis. These results are novel in suggesting a role for invertebrate FREPs in recognition of parasite-derived molecules and also provide a model for investigating the diversity of molecules functioning in nonself-recognition in an invertebrate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.16.8691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:31:44Z","timestamp":1027679504000},"page":"8691-8696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":295,"title":["A family of fibrinogen-related proteins that precipitates parasite-derived molecules is produced by an invertebrate  after infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Coen M.","family":"Adema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn 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