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Here we show that this induction of NF-\u03baB activity occurs in a biphasic mode: first, a transient, I\u03baB\u03b1 degradation-dependent phase of activity, also induced by the nonvirulent species\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria innocua<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which is mediated by binding of the bacteria to the macrophage, or by adding\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    -derived lipoteichoic acid to the macrophage; the second persistent phase of activation is only markedly induced when the bacteria enter the cytoplasm of the host cell and express the virulence genes\n                    <jats:italic>plcA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>plcB,<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding two phospholipases. We suggest that products of the enzymatic activity of phospholipases directly interfere with host cell signal transduction pathways, thus leading to persistent NF-\u03baB activation via persistent I\u03baB\u03b2 degradation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.17.9394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:42:40Z","timestamp":1027680160000},"page":"9394-9399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["<i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n                    infection of P388D\n                    <sub>1<\/sub>\n                    macrophages results in a biphasic NF-\u03baB (RelA\/p50) activation induced by lipoteichoic acid and bacterial phospholipases and mediated by I\u03baB\u03b1 and I\u03baB\u03b2\u2009degradation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Nadja","family":"Hauf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Theodor Boveri Institut f\u00fcr Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie, Am Hubland, 97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany; and Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie, 80638 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Goebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theodor Boveri Institut f\u00fcr Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie, Am Hubland, 97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany; and Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie, 80638 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theodor Boveri Institut f\u00fcr Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie, Am Hubland, 97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany; and Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie, 80638 Munich, 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