{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:07:18Z","timestamp":1792976838178,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"19","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Induction of phase 2 detoxication enzymes [e.g., glutathione\n transferases, epoxide hydrolase, NAD(P)H: quinone reductase, and\n glucuronosyltransferases] is a powerful strategy for achieving\n protection against carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and other forms of\n toxicity of electrophiles and reactive forms of oxygen. Since\n consumption of large quantities of fruit and vegetables is associated\n with a striking reduction in the risk of developing a variety of\n malignancies, it is of interest that a number of edible plants contain\n substantial quantities of compounds that regulate mammalian enzymes of\n xenobiotic metabolism. Thus, edible plants belonging to the family\n                    <jats:italic>Cruciferae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and genus\n                    <jats:italic>Brassica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (e.g.,\n broccoli and cauliflower) contain substantial quantities of\n isothiocyanates (mostly in the form of their glucosinolate precursors)\n some of which (e.g., sulforaphane or 4-methylsulfinylbutyl\n isothiocyanate) are very potent inducers of phase 2 enzymes.\n Unexpectedly, 3-day-old sprouts of cultivars of certain crucifers\n including broccoli and cauliflower contain 10\u2013100 times higher levels\n of glucoraphanin (the glucosinolate of sulforaphane) than do the\n corresponding mature plants. Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates can be\n efficiently extracted from plants, without hydrolysis of glucosinolates\n by myrosinase, by homogenization in a mixture of equal volumes of\n dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile at \u221250\u00b0C.\n Extracts of 3-day-old broccoli sprouts (containing either glucoraphanin\n or sulforaphane as the principal enzyme inducer) were highly effective\n in reducing the incidence, multiplicity, and rate of development of\n mammary tumors in dimethylbenz(\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    )anthracene-treated\n rats. Notably, sprouts of many broccoli cultivars contain negligible\n quantities of indole glucosinolates, which predominate in the mature\n vegetable and may give rise to degradation products (e.g.,\n indole-3-carbinol) that can enhance tumorigenesis. Hence, small\n quantities of crucifer sprouts may protect against the risk of cancer\n as effectively as much larger quantities of mature vegetables of the\n same variety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.19.10367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:40:52Z","timestamp":1027680052000},"page":"10367-10372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1133,"title":["Broccoli sprouts: An exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against\u2009chemical\u2009carcinogens"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Jed W.","family":"Fahey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brassica Chemoprotection Laboratory and Department of Pharmacology\r and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of\r Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuesheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brassica Chemoprotection Laboratory and Department of Pharmacology\r and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of\r Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Talalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brassica Chemoprotection Laboratory and Department of Pharmacology\r and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of\r Medicine, Baltimore, MD 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