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To study T cell memory in the absence of persisting antigen, either short-lived antigens were used for immunization or adoptive transfer methods were used to eliminate possibly persisting antigen. These experiments revealed that increased specific precursor frequencies and CTL-mediated protection against an i.v. infection with LCMV were long-lived. In contrast, CTL-mediated protection against a peripheral infection of the skin with LCMV, or of the ovary with recombinant vaccinia virus, was short-lived. These results show that maintenance of increased specific CTL precursor frequencies and central T cell memory in lymphoid tissue (where preexisting neutralizing antibodies usually provide protection anyway) is long-lived and antigen-independent. In contrast, in protection against peripheral viral infections, where the relative kinetics of virus growth and virus elimination by T cells are of key importance, T cell memory is short-lived in the absence of antigen. This indicates that peripheral T cell memory in antibody-inaccessible tissues is mediated by antigen-activated effector T cells and apparently not by specialized memory T cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.2.640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:31:39Z","timestamp":1027679499000},"page":"640-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Protection against immunopathological consequences of a viral infection by activated but not resting cytotoxic T cells: T cell memory without \u201cmemory T cells\u201d?"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Martin\u2009F.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Z\u00fcrich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas\u2009M.","family":"K\u00fcndig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Z\u00fcrich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Hengartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Z\u00fcrich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf\u2009M.","family":"Zinkernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Z\u00fcrich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","volume-title":"Von Klinischen Studien \u00fcber Vakzination und Vakzinale Allergie","author":"von Pirquet C","year":"1907","unstructured":"C von Pirquet Von Klinischen Studien \u00fcber Vakzination und Vakzinale Allergie (F. 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