{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:38:23Z","timestamp":1781105903107,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>chi63<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter directs glucose-sensitive, chitin-dependent transcription of a gene involved in the utilization of chitin as carbon source. Analysis of 5\u2032 and 3\u2032 deletions of the promoter region revealed that a 350-bp segment is sufficient for wild-type levels of expression and regulation. The analysis of single base changes throughout the promoter region, introduced by random and site-directed mutagenesis, identified several sequences to be important for activity and regulation. Single base changes at \u221210, \u221212, \u221232, \u221233, \u221235, and \u221237 upstream of the transcription start site resulted in loss of activity from the promoter, suggesting that bases in these positions are important for RNA polymerase interaction. The sequences centered around \u221210 (TATTCT) and \u221235 (TTGACC) in this promoter are, in fact, prototypical of eubacterial promoters. Overlapping the RNA polymerase binding site is a perfect 12-bp direct repeat sequence. Some base changes within this direct repeat resulted in constitutive expression, suggesting that this sequence is an operator for negative regulation. Other base changes resulted in loss of glucose repression while retaining the requirement for chitin induction, suggesting that this sequence is also involved in glucose repression. The fact that cis-acting mutations resulted in glucose resistance but not inducer independence rules out the possibility that glucose repression acts exclusively by inducer exclusion. The fact that mutations that affect glucose repression and chitin induction fall within the same direct repeat sequence module suggests that the direct repeat sequence facilitates both chitin induction and glucose repression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.24.13116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:31:39Z","timestamp":1027679499000},"page":"13116-13121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Direct repeat sequences in the\n                    <i>Streptomyces<\/i>\n                    chitinase-63 promoter direct both glucose repression and chitin\u2009induction"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Westpheling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.414933.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3943.339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)89473-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"2417","volume":"128","author":"Hodgson D A","year":"1982","unstructured":"D A Hodgson J Gen Microbiol 128, 2417\u20132430 (1982).","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m82-046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02280.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb07959.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01463.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00283514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1403","volume":"129","author":"Seno E T","year":"1983","unstructured":"E T Seno, K F Chater J Gen Microbiol 129, 1403\u20131413 (1983).","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00021.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00327424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90472-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00138547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.9.2694-2698.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.10.4848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.6.11.4046-4052.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16149.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.301398.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.21.6144-6152.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.10.3222-3231.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.5.1213-1220.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90356-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00338403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01061.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.d01-1878.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)57412-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(92)90604-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","volume-title":"Genetic Manipulation Of Streptomyces: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Hopwood D A","year":"1985","unstructured":"D A Hopwood, M J Bibb, K F Chater, T Kieser, C J Bruton, H M Kieser, D J Lydiate, C P Smith, J M Ward, H Schrempf Genetic Manipulation Of Streptomyces: A Laboratory Manual (The John Innes Foundation, 1st Ed., Norwich, U.K., 1985).","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Sambrook J","year":"1982","unstructured":"J Sambrook, E F Fritsch, T Maniatis Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. 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