{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:39:32Z","timestamp":1791175172566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Little is known about the virulence mechanisms employed by\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the production of genital ulcers. This Gram-negative bacterium previously has been shown to produce a soluble cytotoxic activity that kills HeLa and HEp-2 cells. We have now identified a cluster of three\n                    <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes that encode this cytotoxic activity. The predicted proteins encoded by these genes are most similar to the products of the\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli cdtABC<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes that comprise the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) of this enteric pathogen. Eleven of 12\n                    <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were shown to possess this gene cluster and culture supernatants from these strains readily killed HeLa cells. The culture supernatant from a single strain of\n                    <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    that lacked these genes was unable to kill HeLa cells. When the\n                    <jats:italic>H. ducreyi cdtABC<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene cluster was cloned into\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , culture supernatant from the recombinant\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    clone killed HeLa cells. A monoclonal antibody that neutralized this soluble cytotoxic activity of\n                    <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    was shown to bind to the\n                    <jats:italic>H. ducreyi cdtC<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene product. This soluble\n                    <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    cytotoxin may play a role in the development or persistence of the ulcerative lesions characteristic of chancroid.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.4056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:43:20Z","timestamp":1027680200000},"page":"4056-4061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["A diffusible cytotoxin of\n                    <i>Haemophilus\u2009ducreyi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Cope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9048; Departments of Pediatrics, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205; 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