{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:17:26Z","timestamp":1781104646897,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For 50 years, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) and its\n successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), have\n conducted epidemiological and genetic studies of the survivors of the\n atomic bombs and of their children. This research program has provided\n the primary basis for radiation health standards. Both ABCC\n (1947\u20131975) and RERF (1975 to date) have been a joint enterprise of\n the United States (through the National Academy of Sciences) and of\n Japan. ABCC began in devastated, occupied Japan. Its mission had to be\n defined and refined. Early research revealed the urgent need for long\n term study. In 1946, a Directive of President Truman enjoined the\n National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences to\n develop the program. By 1950, ABCC staff exceeded 1,000, and clinical\n and genetic studies were underway. Budgetary difficulties and other\n problems almost forced closure in 1953. In 1955, the Francis Report led\n to a unified epidemiological study. Much progress was made in the next\n decade, but changing times required founding of a binational nonprofit\n organization (RERF) with equal participation by Japan and the United\n States. New programs have been developed and existing ones have been\n extended in what is the longest continuing health survey ever\n undertaken.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:42:40Z","timestamp":1027680160000},"page":"5426-5431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in retrospect"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Frank W.","family":"Putnam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674422063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Physician to the Gene Pool","author":"Neel J V","year":"1994","unstructured":"J V Neel Physician to the Gene Pool (Wiley, New York, 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"The Children of the Atomic Survivors. A Genetic Study","author":"Neel J V","year":"1991","unstructured":"J V Neel, W J Schull The Children of the Atomic Survivors. A Genetic Study (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1994.0034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226482361.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Children of the Atomic Bomb. An American Physician\u2019s Memoir of Nagasaki, Hiroshima, and the Marshall Islands","author":"Yamazaki J N","year":"1995","unstructured":"J N Yamazaki Children of the Atomic Bomb. An American Physician\u2019s Memoir of Nagasaki, Hiroshima, and the Marshall Islands (Duke Univ. Press, Durham, NC, 1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Effects of Atomic Radiation. A Half-Century of Studies from Hiroshima and Nagasaki","author":"Schull W J","year":"1995","unstructured":"W J Schull Effects of Atomic Radiation. A Half-Century of Studies from Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Wiley, New York, 1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Medical Effects of the Atomic Bomb in Japan","author":"Oughterson A W","year":"1956","unstructured":"A W Oughterson, S Warren Medical Effects of the Atomic Bomb in Japan (McGraw\u2013Hill, New York, 1956)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RERF Newsletter 14 March 1 1988.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00252623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","volume-title":"A General Report on the ABCC-JNIH Joint Research Program","author":"Allen L R","year":"1978","unstructured":"L R Allen A General Report on the ABCC-JNIH Joint Research Program (RERF, Hiroshima, Japan, 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.106.2754.331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"Death Certificate Survey: Hiroshima 1950\u20131954 (Preliminary Report)","author":"Woodbury L A","year":"1954","unstructured":"L A Woodbury, R R Holmes, J K Scott Death Certificate Survey: Hiroshima 1950\u20131954 (Preliminary Report) (ABCC, Hiroshima, Japan, 1954)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Report of Ad Hoc Committee for Appraisal of ABCC Program","author":"Francis T","year":"1955","unstructured":"T Francis, S Jablon, F E Moore Report of Ad Hoc Committee for Appraisal of ABCC Program (ABCC TR 33\u201359, Hiroshima, Japan, 1955)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Report of the Committee for Scientific Review of ABCC, February 1975. Technical Report 21\u201375","author":"Crow J F","year":"1975","unstructured":"J F Crow, H S Kaplan, P A Marks, R W Miller, J B Storer, A C Upton, S Jablon Report of the Committee for Scientific Review of ABCC, February 1975. Technical Report 21\u201375 (ABCC, Hiroshima, Japan, 1975)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Radiation Effects Research Foundation: The First 10 Years 1975\u20131985","author":"Shigematsu I","year":"1985","unstructured":"I Shigematsu, A Kagan Radiation Effects Research Foundation: The First 10 Years 1975\u20131985 (RERF, Hiroshima, Japan, 1985)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5426","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T15:27:06Z","timestamp":1649863626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5426","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-05-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}