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To address this question, the complete (16,787-bp) mitochondrial genome sequence of the African side-necked turtle (\n                    <jats:italic>Pelomedusa subrufa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was determined. This molecule contains several unusual features: a (TA)\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    microsatellite in the control region, the absence of an origin of replication for the light strand in the WANCY region of five tRNA genes, an unusually long noncoding region separating the\n                    <jats:italic>ND5<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ND6<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, an overlap between\n                    <jats:italic>ATPase 6<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>COIII<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, and the existence of extra nucleotides in\n                    <jats:italic>ND3<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ND4L<\/jats:italic>\n                    putative ORFs. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences supported the placement of turtles as the sister group of an alligator and chicken (Archosauria) clade. This result clearly rejects the Haematothermia hypothesis (a sister-group relationship between mammals and birds), as well as rejecting the placement of turtles as the most basal living amniotes. Moreover, evidence from both complete mitochondrial rRNA genes supports a sister-group relationship of turtles to Archosauria to the exclusion of Lepidosauria (tuatara, snakes, and lizards). These results challenge the classic view of turtles as the only survivors of primary anapsid reptiles and imply that turtles might have secondarily lost their skull fenestration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.24.14226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:35:50Z","timestamp":1027679750000},"page":"14226-14231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Zardoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Jos\u00e9 Gutierrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Jos\u00e9 Gutierrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution","author":"Carroll R L","year":"1988","unstructured":"R L Carroll Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (Freeman, New York, 1988)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101113","volume":"30","author":"Benton M J","year":"1990","unstructured":"M J Benton J Mol Evol 30, 409\u2013424 (1990).","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"On the Anatomy of Vertebrates","author":"Owen R","year":"1866","unstructured":"R Owen On the Anatomy of Vertebrates (Longmans and Green, London, 1866)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/384453a0","volume":"384","author":"Rieppel O","year":"1996","unstructured":"O Rieppel, M deBraga Nature (London) 384, 453\u2013455 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/38425","volume":"389","author":"Platz J E","year":"1997","unstructured":"J E Platz, J M Conlon Nature (London) 389, 246 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Testudines","author":"Hennig W","year":"1983","unstructured":"W Hennig Testudines, ed W Hennig (Parey, Hamburg, Germany), pp. 132\u2013139 (1983)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","volume-title":"Das Phylogenetische System","author":"Ax P","year":"1984","unstructured":"P Ax Das Phylogenetische System (G. 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