{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:48:43Z","timestamp":1791071323179,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    High-frequency reversible changes in colony morphology were observed in three strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . For one strain (SB4, serotype A), this process produced three colony types: smooth (S), wrinkled (W), and serrated (C). The frequency of switching between colony types varied for the individual colony transitions and was as high as 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Mice infected with colony type W died faster than those infected with other colony types. The rat inflammatory response to infection with colony types S, W, and C was C &gt; S &gt; W and ranged from intense granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis for infection with type C to minimal inflammation for infection with type W. Infection with the various colony types was associated with different antibody responses to cryptococcal proteins in rats. Analysis of cellular characteristics revealed differences between the three colony types. High-frequency changes in colony morphology were also observed in two additional strains of\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . For one strain (24067A, serotype D) the switching occurred between smooth and wrinkled colonies. For the other strain (J32A, serotype A), the switching occurred between mucoid and nonmucoid colonies. The findings indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    undergoes phenotypic switching and that this process can affect virulence and host inflammatory and immune responses. Phenotypic switching may play a role in the ability of this fungus to escape host defenses and establish chronic infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:44:19Z","timestamp":1027680259000},"page":"14967-14972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Phenotypic switching in the human pathogenic fungus\n                    <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n                    is associated with changes in virulence and pulmonary inflammatory response in rodents"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; and Departments of Microbiology and Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina C.","family":"Fries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; and Departments of Microbiology and Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah P.","family":"Franzot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; and Departments of Microbiology and Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lya","family":"Montella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; and Departments of Microbiology and Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; and Departments of Microbiology and Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.4.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.6.1029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(88)80082-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.1.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90459-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.5.1899-1905.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.9.1934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Fries B. C. & Casadevall A. (1998) J. Infect. Dis. in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.1.89-97.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3901258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219180000271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219680000441"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.1.189-197.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.1.224-235.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.8.1448-1459.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00437397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90354-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.3.541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.6.1531-1534.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.9.2243-2251.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"1201","volume":"135","author":"Morrow B","year":"1989","unstructured":"B Morrow, J Anderson, J Wilson, D R Soll J Gen Microbiol 135, 1201\u20131208 (1989).","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(95)00097-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing for yeasts: Proposed standard M 27-P","year":"1992","unstructured":"Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing for yeasts: Proposed standard M 27-P (National Committee for Laboratory Standards, Villanova, PA, 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.11.4755-4761.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02993853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1950.tb39828.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"456","volume":"80","author":"Drouhet E","year":"1951","unstructured":"E Drouhet, M Couteau Ann Inst Pasteur 80, 456\u2013457 (1951).","journal-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90181-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.6.1163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.61.3.281-293.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90141-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.4.1328-1335.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.18.5215-5221.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.5.1174-1179.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.11.2869-2870.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.4.1675","volume":"129","author":"Kozel T R","year":"1982","unstructured":"T R Kozel, E Gotschlich J Immunol 129, 1675\u20131680 (1982).","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"174","volume":"73","author":"Murphy J W","year":"1988","unstructured":"J W Murphy, R A Cox Clin Exp Immunol 73, 174\u2013180 (1988).","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.3.770-778.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"383","volume":"96","author":"Farmer S G","year":"1973","unstructured":"S G Farmer, R A Komorowski Arch Pathol 96, 383\u2013387 (1973).","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14967","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T08:33:22Z","timestamp":1682152402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"25","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14967","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-09-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-10-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-12-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}