{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:04:34Z","timestamp":1791259474963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"26","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Postmortem prefrontal cortices (PFC) (Brodmann\u2019s areas 10 and 46), temporal cortices (Brodmann\u2019s area 22), hippocampi, caudate nuclei, and cerebella of schizophrenia patients and their matched nonpsychiatric subjects were compared for\n                    <jats:italic>reelin<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>RELN<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) mRNA and reelin (RELN) protein content. In all of the brain areas studied, RELN and its mRNA were significantly reduced (\u224850%) in patients with schizophrenia; this decrease was similar in patients affected by undifferentiated or paranoid schizophrenia. To exclude possible artifacts caused by postmortem mRNA degradation, we measured the mRNAs in the same PFC extracts from \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA)\n                    <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                    subunits. Whereas the expression of the \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                    nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit was normal, that of the \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptor subunits of GABA\n                    <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                    was increased when schizophrenia was present.\n                    <jats:italic>RELN<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA was preferentially expressed in GABAergic interneurons of PFC, temporal cortex, hippocampus, and glutamatergic granule cells of cerebellum. A protein putatively functioning as an intracellular target for the signal-transduction cascade triggered by RELN protein released into the extracellular matrix is termed mouse disabled-1 (DAB1) and is expressed at comparable levels in the neuroplasm of the PFC and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, cerebellar Purkinje neurons of schizophrenia patients, and nonpsychiatric subjects; these three types of neurons do not express RELN protein. In the same samples of temporal cortex, we found a decrease in RELN protein of \u224850% but no changes in DAB1 protein expression. We also observed a large (up to 70%) decrease of GAD67 but only a small decrease of GAD65 protein content. These findings are interpreted within a neurodevelopmental\/vulnerability \u201ctwo-hit\u201d model for the etiology of schizophrenia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:40:11Z","timestamp":1027680011000},"page":"15718-15723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":607,"title":["A decrease of reelin expression as a putative vulnerability factor in schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Impagnatiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro R.","family":"Guidotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Pesold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Caruncho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Pisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doncho P.","family":"Uzunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil R.","family":"Smalheiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghanshyam N.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; and Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Biology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George D.","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; 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