{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:52:16Z","timestamp":1781110336440,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An outbreak of human anthrax occurred in Sverdlovsk, Union of Soviet Socialists Republic (now Ekaterinburg, Russia) in April 1979. Officials attributed this to consumption of contaminated meat, but Western governments believed it resulted from inhalation of spores accidentally released from a nearby military research facility. Tissue samples from 11 victims were obtained and methods of efficiently extracting high-quality total DNA from these samples were developed. Extracted DNA was analyzed by using PCR to determine whether it contained\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific sequences. Double PCR using \u201cnested primers\u201d increased sensitivity of the assay significantly. Tissue samples from 11 persons who died during the epidemic were examined. Results demonstrated that the entire complement of\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxin and capsular antigen genes required for pathogenicity were present in tissues from each of these victims. Tissue from a vaccination site contained primarily nucleic acids from a live vaccine, although traces of genes from the infecting organisms were also present. PCR analysis using primers that detect the\n                    <jats:italic>vrrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene variable region on the\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    chromosome demonstrated that at least four of the five known strain categories defined by this region were present in the tissue samples. Only one category is found in a single\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.1224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:32:33Z","timestamp":1027679553000},"page":"1224-1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["PCR analysis of tissue samples from the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax victims: The presence of multiple\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    strains in\u2009different\u2009victims"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Baton Rouge, LA; Department of Pathology, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Ekaterinburg, Russia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin E.","family":"Hugh-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Baton Rouge, LA; Department of Pathology, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Ekaterinburg, Russia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra M.","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Baton Rouge, LA; Department of Pathology, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Ekaterinburg, Russia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertrude","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Baton Rouge, LA; Department of Pathology, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Ekaterinburg, Russia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen K.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Baton Rouge, LA; Department of Pathology, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Ekaterinburg, Russia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl R.","family":"Kuske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Baton Rouge, LA; Department of Pathology, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Ekaterinburg, Russia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lev M.","family":"Grinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Baton Rouge, LA; Department of Pathology, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Ekaterinburg, Russia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faina A.","family":"Abramova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Keim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Baton Rouge, LA; Department of Pathology, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases Unit, Ekaterinburg, Russia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 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