{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:54:16Z","timestamp":1792626856120,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traditional and molecular typing schemes for the characterization of pathogenic microorganisms are poorly portable because they index variation that is difficult to compare among laboratories. To overcome these problems, we propose multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which exploits the unambiguous nature and electronic portability of nucleotide sequence data for the characterization of microorganisms. To evaluate MLST, we determined the sequences of \u2248470-bp fragments from 11 housekeeping genes in a reference set of 107 isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    from invasive disease and healthy carriers. For each locus, alleles were assigned arbitrary numbers and dendrograms were constructed from the pairwise differences in multilocus allelic profiles by cluster analysis. The strain associations obtained were consistent with clonal groupings previously determined by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. A subset of six gene fragments was chosen that retained the resolution and congruence achieved by using all 11 loci. Most isolates from hyper-virulent lineages of serogroups A, B, and C meningococci were identical for all loci or differed from the majority type at only a single locus. MLST using six loci therefore reliably identified the major meningococcal lineages associated with invasive disease. MLST can be applied to almost all bacterial species and other haploid organisms, including those that are difficult to cultivate. The overwhelming advantage of MLST over other molecular typing methods is that sequence data are truly portable between laboratories, permitting one expanding global database per species to be placed on a World-Wide Web site, thus enabling exchange of molecular typing data for global epidemiology via the Internet.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:40:11Z","timestamp":1027680011000},"page":"3140-3145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3223,"title":["Multilocus sequence typing: A portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic\u2009microorganisms"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Martin C. J.","family":"Maiden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A.","family":"Bygraves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Feil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne E.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Urwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaji","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Zurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique A.","family":"Caugant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian M.","family":"Feavers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and World Health Organization Collaborating..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Achtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom; 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