{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:31:56Z","timestamp":1790929916771,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Voltage-dependent Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    currents evoke synaptic transmitter release. Of six types of Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    channels, L-, N-, P-, Q-, R-, and T-type, only N- and P\/Q-type channels have been pharmacologically identified to mediate action-potential-evoked transmitter release in the mammalian central nervous system. We tested whether Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    channels other than N- and P\/Q-type control transmitter release in a calyx-type synapse of the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Simultaneous recordings of presynaptic Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx and the excitatory postsynaptic current evoked by a single action potential were made at single synapses. The R-type channel, a high-voltage-activated Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    channel resistant to L-, N-, and P\/Q-type channel blockers, contributed 26% of the total Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx during a presynaptic action potential. This Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    current evoked transmitter release sufficiently large to initiate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. The R-type current controlled release with a lower efficacy than other types of Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    currents. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid type B receptors inhibited the R-type current. Because a significant fraction of presynaptic Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    channels remains unidentified in many other central synapses, the R-type current also could contribute to evoked transmitter release in these synapses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.8.4720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:40:11Z","timestamp":1027680011000},"page":"4720-4725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":247,"title":["R-type Ca\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    currents evoke transmitter release at a rat central synapse"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Ling-Gang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Gerard G.","family":"Borst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Sakmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)80030-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80116-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.5.1965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90155-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"348","volume":"47","author":"Turner T J","year":"1995","unstructured":"T J Turner, R A Lampe, K Dunlap Mol Pharmacol 47, 348\u2013353 (1995).","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90269-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-07-02226.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90119-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/366156a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90216-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(93)90003-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-04-02995.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp021095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5287.594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383431a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.143bx.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Borst J G G","year":"1998","unstructured":"J G G Borst, F Helmchen Methods in Enzymology, ed P M Conn (Academic, San Diego) 295, , in press. 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