{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:54:10Z","timestamp":1789988050193,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alkylation of DNA at the\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    -position of guanine is one of the most critical events leading to mutation, cancer, and cell death. The enzyme\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repairs\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    -methylguanine as well as a minor methylated base,\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    -methylthymine, in DNA. Mouse lines deficient in the methyltransferase (\n                    <jats:italic>MGMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene are hypersensitive to both the killing and to the tumorigenic effects of alkylating agents. We now show that these dual effects of an alkylating agent can be dissociated by introduction of an additional defect in mismatch repair. Mice with mutations in both alleles of the\n                    <jats:italic>MGMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene and one of the mismatch repair genes,\n                    <jats:italic>MLH1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , are as resistant to methylnitrosourea (MNU) as are wild-type mice, in terms of survival, but do have numerous tumors after receiving MNU. In contrast to\n                    <jats:italic>MGMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>MLH1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice with decrease in size of the thymus and hypocellular bone marrow after MNU administration, no conspicuous change was found in\n                    <jats:italic>MGMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>MLH1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice treated in the same manner. Thus, killing and tumorigenic effects of an alkylating agent can be dissociated by preventing mismatch repair pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.9.5116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:35:50Z","timestamp":1027679750000},"page":"5116-5120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Separation of killing and tumorigenic effects of an alkylating agent in mice defective in two of the DNA repair genes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Hisaya","family":"Kawate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033; Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo 170-0012; and Department of Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0175, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunihiko","family":"Sakumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033; Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo 170-0012; and Department of Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0175, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruhisa","family":"Tsuzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033; Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo 170-0012; and Department of Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0175, 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