{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:44:17Z","timestamp":1791917057149,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Analysis of variations in the concentrations or structures of biomolecules (e.g., mRNAs, proteins, peptides, natural products) that occur either naturally or in response to environmental or genetic perturbations can provide important insight into complex biological processes. Many biological samples are mixtures that require a separation step before quantitation of variations in the individual components. Two-dimensional denaturing gel electrophoresis has been used very effectively to separate complex mixtures of proteins, but it is time consuming and requires considerable amounts of sample. Microchannel-based separations have proven very effective in rapidly separating small amounts of nucleic acids; more recently, isoelectric focusing of proteins also has been adapted to the microchannel format. Here, we describe microchannel-based SDS capillary gel electrophoresis of proteins and demonstrate the speed and high resolution it provides. This development is an important step toward the miniaturization and integration of multidimensional and array separation methods for complex protein mixtures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:39:15Z","timestamp":1027679955000},"page":"5372-5377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["SDS capillary gel electrophoresis of proteins in microfabricated channels"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Shao","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, M.S. 9671, Livermore, CA 94551"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deon S.","family":"Anex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, M.S. 9671, Livermore, CA 94551"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Brett","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, M.S. 9671, Livermore, CA 94551"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don W.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, M.S. 9671, Livermore, CA 94551"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, M.S. 9671, Livermore, CA 94551"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, M.S. 9671, Livermore, CA 94551"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583597003399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(98)01184-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(99)80004-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(98)00310-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150191104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150191603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis","author":"Landers J P","year":"1997","unstructured":"J P Landers Handbook of Capillary Electrophoresis (CRC, 2nd Ed., Boca Raton, FL, 1997).","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Practical Capillary Electrophoresis","author":"Weinberger R","year":"1993","unstructured":"R Weinberger Practical Capillary Electrophoresis (Academic, San Diego, 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-69544-3_3","volume-title":"Microsystem Technology in Chemistry and Life Sciences","author":"Effenhauser C S","year":"1998","unstructured":"C S Effenhauser Microsystem Technology in Chemistry and Life Sciences, eds A Manz, H Becker (Springer, Heidelberg), pp. 51\u201382 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150181211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0161-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.261.5123.895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5388.484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5286-0_61"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980656z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"Manz A","year":"1993","unstructured":"A Manz, J D Harrison, E Verpoorte, M H Widmer Adv Chromatogr 33, 1\u201365 (1993).","journal-title":"Adv Chromatogr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9606620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(97)00502-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9806660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)85026-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(93)80041-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja972820q"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/a800153g"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00079a028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","volume-title":"Unified Separation Sci.","author":"Giddings J C","year":"1991","unstructured":"J C Giddings Unified Separation Sci. (Wiley, New York, 1991)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T15:53:18Z","timestamp":1649865198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5372","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-03-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1999-05-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}