{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:08:22Z","timestamp":1790233702347,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder of women, characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. It is a leading cause of female infertility and is associated with polycystic ovaries, hirsutism, obesity, and insulin resistance. We tested a carefully chosen collection of 37 candidate genes for linkage and association with PCOS or hyperandrogenemia in data from 150 families. The strongest evidence for linkage was with the follistatin gene, for which affected sisters showed increased identity by descent (72%; \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 12.97; nominal\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3.2 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). After correction for multiple testing (33 tests), the follistatin findings were still highly significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.01). Although the linkage results for\n                    <jats:italic>CYP11A<\/jats:italic>\n                    were also nominally significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.02), they were no longer significant after correction. In 11 candidate gene regions, at least one allele showed nominally significant evidence for population association with PCOS in the transmission\/disequilibrium test (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2265 3.84; nominal\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). The strongest effect in the transmission\/disequilibrium test was observed in the\n                    <jats:italic>INSR<\/jats:italic>\n                    region (\n                    <jats:italic>D19S884<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; allele 5; \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 8.53) but was not significant after correction. Our study shows how a systematic screen of candidate genes can provide strong evidence for genetic linkage in complex diseases and can identify those genes that should have high (or low) priority for further study.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.15.8573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:41:48Z","timestamp":1027680108000},"page":"8573-8578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":366,"title":["Thirty-seven candidate genes for polycystic ovary syndrome: Strongest evidence for linkage is with follistatin"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Margrit","family":"Urbanek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Legro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Azziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Ehrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Jerome F.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Spielman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dunaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Departments of Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233; Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, Woodville 5011,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"3078","volume":"83","author":"Knochenhauer E S","year":"1998","unstructured":"E S Knochenhauer, T J Key, M Kahsar-Miller, W Waggoner, L R Boots, R Azziz J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83, 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