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Two major consequences of the\n                    <jats:italic>npq1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutation are the absence of zeaxanthin formation in strong light and the partial inhibition of the quenching of singlet excited chlorophylls in the photosystem II light-harvesting complexes. Prolonged exposure of whole plants to bright light resulted in a limited photoinhibition of photosystem II in both\n                    <jats:italic>npq1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and wild-type leaves, although CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    fixation and the linear electron transport in\n                    <jats:italic>npq1<\/jats:italic>\n                    plants were reduced substantially. Lipid peroxidation was more pronounced in\n                    <jats:italic>npq1<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared with the wild type, as measured by chlorophyll thermoluminescence, ethane production, and the total hydroperoxy fatty acids content. Lipid peroxidation was amplified markedly under chilling stress, and photooxidative damage ultimately resulted in leaf bleaching and tissue necrosis in\n                    <jats:italic>npq1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The\n                    <jats:italic>npq4<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant, which possesses a normal violaxanthin cycle but has a limited capacity of quenching singlet excited chlorophylls, was rather tolerant to lipid peroxidation. The double mutant,\n                    <jats:italic>npq4 npq1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which differs from\n                    <jats:italic>npq4<\/jats:italic>\n                    only by the absence of the violaxanthin cycle, exhibited an increased susceptibility to photooxidative damage, similar to that of\n                    <jats:italic>npq1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results demonstrate that the violaxanthin cycle specifically protects thylakoid membrane lipids against photooxidation. Part of this protection involves a mechanism other than quenching of singlet excited chlorophylls.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.15.8762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:38:21Z","timestamp":1027679901000},"page":"8762-8767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":603,"title":["The violaxanthin cycle protects plants from photooxidative damage by more than one mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Michel","family":"Havaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat \u00e0 l\u2019Energie Atomique\/Cadarache, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Ecophysiologie V\u00e9g\u00e9tale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire d\u2019Ecophysiologie de la Photosynth\u00e8se, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna K.","family":"Niyogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat \u00e0 l\u2019Energie Atomique\/Cadarache, D\u00e9partement d\u2019Ecophysiologie V\u00e9g\u00e9tale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire d\u2019Ecophysiologie de la Photosynth\u00e8se, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Photoinhibition","author":"Asada K","year":"1987","unstructured":"K Asada, M Takahashi Photoinhibition, eds D J Kyle, C B Osmond, C J Arntzen (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp. 227\u2013287 (1987)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niyogi K. 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