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In an experiment that controlled for male mating experience and the number of spermatophores accepted by a female, twice-mated females received either one sperm-packet from each of two different males (the \u201cDM\u201d treatment) or two sperm-packets from a single male (the same male or \u201cSM\u201d treatment). Over their lifetime, DM females gave birth to 32% more offspring than did SM females, primarily because of a significantly reduced rate of spontaneous abortion. This result could not be attributed to male infertility nor to lack of sexual receptivity in males paired with previous mates. Spermatophore and sperm numbers did not differ between males presented with a previous mate and males paired with a new female. Because SM and DM females received the same quantity of ejaculate, it was possible to eliminate material benefits as a contributor to the enhanced reproductive success of DM females. The reduction in embryo failure rate achieved by DM females is most consistent with the genetic incompatibility avoidance hypothesis, i.e., that polyandry enables females to exploit postcopulatory mechanisms for reducing the risk and\/or cost of fertilization by genetically incompatible sperm. This study, which rigorously controlled for material benefits and excluded inbreeding effects, demonstrates that polyandry provides genetic benefits that significantly enhance female lifetime reproductive success.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:38:21Z","timestamp":1027679901000},"page":"10236-10241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":181,"title":["Genetic benefits enhance the reproductive success of polyandrous females"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Newcomer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5513; and Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne A.","family":"Zeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5513; and Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Zeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5513; and Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Sperm Competition","author":"Birkhead T R","year":"1998","unstructured":", eds T R Birkhead, A P M\u00f8ller (Academic, New York Sperm Competition, 1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.1998.00382.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Adaptation and Natural Selection","author":"Williams G C","year":"1966","unstructured":"G C Williams Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton Univ. 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