{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:41:14Z","timestamp":1781109674003,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Crigler\u2013Najjar syndrome type I is characterized by unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia resulting from an autosomal recessive inherited deficiency of hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 activity. The enzyme is essential for glucuronidation and biliary excretion of bilirubin, and its absence can be fatal. The Gunn rat is an excellent animal model of this disease, exhibiting a single guanosine (G) base deletion within the\n                    <jats:italic>UGT1A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. The defect results in a frameshift and a premature stop codon, absence of enzyme activity, and hyperbilirubinemia. Here, we show permanent correction of the\n                    <jats:italic>UGT1A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genetic defect in Gunn rat liver with site-specific replacement of the absent G residue at nucleotide 1206 by using an RNA\/DNA oligonucleotide designed to promote endogenous repair of genomic DNA. The chimeric oligonucleotide was either complexed with polyethylenimine or encapsulated in anionic liposomes, administered i.v., and targeted to the hepatocyte via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. G insertion was determined by PCR amplification, colony lift hybridizations, restriction endonuclease digestion, and DNA sequencing, and confirmed by genomic Southern blot analysis. DNA repair was specific, efficient, stable throughout the 6-month observation period, and associated with reduction of serum bilirubin levels. Our results indicate that correction of the\n                    <jats:italic>UGT1A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genetic lesion in the Gunn rat restores enzyme expression and bilirubin conjugating activity, with consequent improvement in the metabolic abnormality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:44:19Z","timestamp":1027680259000},"page":"10349-10354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Correction of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene defect in the Gunn rat model of Crigler\u2013Najjar syndrome type I with a chimeric oligonucleotide"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Betsy T.","family":"Kren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhupesh","family":"Parashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paramita","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namita Roy","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayanta Roy","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford J.","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32403-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.10.4.397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"2161","volume-title":"The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease","author":"Roy Chowdhury J","year":"1995","unstructured":"J Roy Chowdhury, A W Wolkoff, N Roy Chowdhury, I M Arias The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, eds C R Scriver, A L Beaudet, W S Sly, D Valle (McGraw-Hill, New York), pp. 2161\u20132208 (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)30079-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55268-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"381","volume":"3","author":"Askari F K","year":"1996","unstructured":"F K Askari, Y Hitomi, M Mao, J M Wilson Gene Ther 3, 381\u2013388 (1996).","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.1998.9.4-497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.43.26536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.14.11.7163-7172.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.5.2071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5280.1386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"6097","volume":"14","author":"Kotani H","year":"1994","unstructured":"H Kotani, E B Kmiec Mol Cell Biol 14, 6097\u20136106 (1994).","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1949","volume":"14","author":"Kotani H","year":"1994","unstructured":"H Kotani, E B Kmiec Mol Cell Biol 14, 1949\u20131955 (1994).","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"643","volume-title":"The Development of Human Gene Therapy","author":"Kmiec E B","year":"1999","unstructured":"E B Kmiec, B T Kren, C J Steer The Development of Human Gene Therapy, ed T Friedmann (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. 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