{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:04:50Z","timestamp":1781107490594,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene encodes a transcription factor containing both a paired and a homeodomain and is highly conserved among Metazoa. In both vertebrates and invertebrates,\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    is required for eye morphogenesis, development of parts of the central nervous system, and, in some phyla, for the development of olfactory sense organs. Ectopic expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    from insects, mammals, cephalopods, and ascidians induces ectopic eyes in\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila,<\/jats:italic>\n                    suggesting that\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    may be a universal master control gene for eye morphogenesis. Platyhelminthes are an ancient phylum, originating from the base of spiralian protostomes, that bear primitive eyes, consisting of a group of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells enclosed in a cup of pigment cells. The analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its expression pattern should provide insights into the ancestral function of\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    in eye morphogenesis. We have identified the\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene of the planarian\n                    <jats:italic>Dugesia(G)tigrina<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida). This gene shares significant sequence identity and conserved genomic organization with Pax-6 proteins from other phyla. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that it clusters with the other\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, but in the most basal position.\n                    <jats:italic>DtPax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    is expressed as a single transcript in both regenerating and fully grown eyes, and electron microscopy studies show strong expression in the perykarion of both photoreceptor and pigment cells. Very low levels of expression also are detectable in other body regions. Because a bona fide\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    homolog so far has not been detected in diploblastic animals, we speculate that\n                    <jats:italic>Pax-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    may be typical for triploblasts and that the appearance of additional Pax genes may have coincided with increasingly complex body plans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.2.558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:42:40Z","timestamp":1027680160000},"page":"558-563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Isolation and expression of a\n                    <i>Pax-6<\/i>\n                    gene in the regenerating and intact Planarian\n                    <i>Dugesia(G)tigrina<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Callaerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Genetica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Munoz-Marmol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Genetica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Glardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Genetica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Genetica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Genetica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.-H.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Genetica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Genetica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona. 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