{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:10:26Z","timestamp":1791299426640,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    signal is essential for the activation of plant defense responses, but downstream components of the signaling pathway are still poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that specific calmodulin (CaM) isoforms are activated by infection or pathogen-derived elicitors and participate in Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    -mediated induction of plant disease resistance responses. Soybean CaM (SCaM)-4 and SCaM-5 genes, which encode for divergent CaM isoforms, were induced within 30 min by a fungal elicitor or pathogen, whereas other SCaM genes encoding highly conserved CaM isoforms did not show such response. This pathogen-triggered induction of these genes specifically depended on the increase of intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    level. Constitutive expression of SCaM-4 and SCaM-5 in transgenic tobacco plants triggered spontaneous induction of lesions and induces an array of systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-associated genes. Surprisingly, these transgenic plants have normal levels of endogenous salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, coexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>nahG<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene did not block the induction of SAR-associated genes in these transgenic plants, indicating that SA is not involved in the SAR gene induction mediated by SCaM-4 or SCaM-5. The transgenic plants exhibit enhanced resistance to a wide spectrum of virulent and avirulent pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and virus. These results suggest that specific CaM isoforms are components of a SA-independent signal transduction chain leading to disease resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.2.766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:39:15Z","timestamp":1027679955000},"page":"766-771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":232,"title":["Involvement of specific calmodulin isoforms in salicylic acid-independent activation of plant disease resistance responses"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Won Do","family":"Heo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Sik","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jin","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeong Cheol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moo Je","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, 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