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In this study, we analyzed the population genetic structure of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the two other pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species,\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Fragments of five housekeeping genes and a gene involved in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide were sequenced from 36 strains representing the global diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and from 12\u201313 strains from each of the other species. No sequence diversity was found in any\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, and these alleles were identical or nearly identical to alleles from\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Thus,\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a clone that evolved from\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    1,500\u201320,000 years ago, shortly before the first known pandemics of human plague. Three biovars (Antiqua, Medievalis, and Orientalis) have been distinguished by microbiologists within the\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    clone. These biovars form distinct branches of a phylogenetic tree based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the locations of the IS\n                    <jats:italic>100<\/jats:italic>\n                    insertion element. These data are consistent with previous inferences that Antiqua caused a plague pandemic in the sixth century, Medievalis caused the Black Death and subsequent epidemics during the second pandemic wave, and Orientalis caused the current plague pandemic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:41:48Z","timestamp":1027680108000},"page":"14043-14048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":947,"title":["<i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    , the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of\n                    <i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Achtman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and Unit\u00e9 de Bact\u00e9riologie Mol\u00e9culaire et M\u00e9dicale, Laboratoire des Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Zurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and Unit\u00e9 de Bact\u00e9riologie Mol\u00e9culaire et M\u00e9dicale, Laboratoire des Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and Unit\u00e9 de Bact\u00e9riologie Mol\u00e9culaire et M\u00e9dicale, Laboratoire des Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Torrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and Unit\u00e9 de Bact\u00e9riologie Mol\u00e9culaire et M\u00e9dicale, Laboratoire des Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Guiyoule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and Unit\u00e9 de Bact\u00e9riologie Mol\u00e9culaire et M\u00e9dicale, Laboratoire des Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Carniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr molekulare Genetik, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; and Unit\u00e9 de Bact\u00e9riologie Mol\u00e9culaire et M\u00e9dicale, Laboratoire des Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Pourquoi la peste? 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