{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:01:14Z","timestamp":1790416874834,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Opitz syndrome (OS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by defects of the ventral midline, including hypertelorism, cleft lip and palate, heart defects, and mental retardation. We recently identified the gene responsible for X-linked OS. The ubiquitously expressed gene product,\n                    <jats:italic>MID1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a member of the RING finger family. These proteins are characterized by an N-terminal tripartite protein\u2013protein interaction domain and a conserved C terminus of unknown function. Unlike other RING finger proteins for which diverse cellular functions have been proposed, the function of\n                    <jats:italic>MID1<\/jats:italic>\n                    is as yet undefined. By using the green fluorescent protein as a tag, we show here that\n                    <jats:italic>MID1<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a microtubule-associated protein that influences microtubule dynamics in\n                    <jats:italic>MID1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -overexpressing cells. We confirm this observation by demonstrating a colocalization of\n                    <jats:italic>MID1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and tubulin in subcellular fractions and the association of endogenous\n                    <jats:italic>MID1<\/jats:italic>\n                    with microtubules after\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assembly. Furthermore, overexpressed\n                    <jats:italic>MID1<\/jats:italic>\n                    proteins harboring mutations described in OS patients lack the capability to associate with microtubules, forming cytoplasmic clumps instead. These data give an idea of the possible molecular pathomechanism underlying the OS phenotype.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.2794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:39:15Z","timestamp":1027679955000},"page":"2794-2799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["The Opitz syndrome gene product, MID1, associates with microtubules"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Susann","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Foerster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Suckow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves A.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"van Bokhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Lunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Unit,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Traub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 12207 Berlin, Germany; Department of Crystallography, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany; Regional Cytogenetics Center, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Pathology, University of Bristol BS2 8BJ, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 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