{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:08:39Z","timestamp":1791446919766,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Segmentation of apparently continuous movement has been reported for over a century by human movement researchers, but the existence of primitive submovements has never been proved. In 20 patients recovering from a single cerebral vascular accident (stroke), we identified the apparent submovements that composed a continuous arm motion in an unloaded task. Kinematic analysis demonstrated a submovement speed profile that was invariant across patients with different brain lesions and provided experimental verification of the detailed shape of primitive submovements. The submovement shape was unaffected by its peak speed, and to test further the invariance of shape with speed, we analyzed movement behavior in a patient with myoclonus. This patient occasionally made involuntary shock-like arm movements, which occurred near the maximum capacity of the neuromuscular system, exhibited speed profiles that were comparable to those identified in stroke patients, and were also independent of speed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.8.4645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:39:15Z","timestamp":1027679955000},"page":"4645-4649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Quantization of continuous arm movements in humans with brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Hermano Igo","family":"Krebs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Newman Laboratory for Biomechanics and Human Rehabilitation, Mechanical Engineering Department, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139; Department of Rehabilitation Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, 810 Vermont Avenue NW, 122, Washington, DC; and Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College and Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindy L.","family":"Aisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newman Laboratory for Biomechanics and Human Rehabilitation, Mechanical Engineering Department, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139; Department of Rehabilitation Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, 810 Vermont Avenue NW, 122, Washington, DC; and Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College and Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce T.","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newman Laboratory for Biomechanics and Human Rehabilitation, Mechanical Engineering Department, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139; Department of Rehabilitation Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, 810 Vermont Avenue NW, 122, Washington, DC; and Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College and Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neville","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newman Laboratory for Biomechanics and Human Rehabilitation, Mechanical Engineering Department, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139; Department of Rehabilitation Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, 810 Vermont Avenue NW, 122, Washington, DC; and Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College and Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","volume-title":"Ph.D. thesis","author":"Woodworth R S","year":"1899","unstructured":"R S Woodworth Ph.D. thesis (Columbia University, New York, 1899)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748308402133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1978.10735145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.6.2.309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00335240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-11-02745.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(87)90115-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.2.331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.3.220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90113-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(79)90109-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"160","volume":"5","author":"Von Hofsten C","year":"1979","unstructured":"C Von Hofsten J Hum Mov Stud 5, 160\u2013178 (1979).","journal-title":"J Hum Mov Stud"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(80)90043-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.5.811"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","volume-title":"Attention and Performance: Motor Representation and Control","author":"Meyer D E","year":"1990","unstructured":"D E Meyer, J E K Smith, S Kornblum, R A Abrahms, C E Wright Attention and Performance: Motor Representation and Control, ed M Jeannerod (Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ) 13 (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02551274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90020-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.247.4945.978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"Ph.D. thesis","author":"Krebs H I","year":"1997","unstructured":"H I Krebs Ph.D. thesis (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550160075019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.662623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Hogan N. 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