{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:39:17Z","timestamp":1790854757064,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Production of neutralizing anti-IL-9 antibodies was induced in mice by immunization with mouse IL-9 coupled to ovalbumin. In the six mouse strains tested, a strong and long-lasting anti-IL-9 response developed with seric inhibitory titers of 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                    , as measured in an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    IL-9-dependent cell proliferation assay.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this immunization completely abrogated the increase in mast-cell protease-1 levels as well as the eosinophilia observed in mice after implantation of an IL-9-secreting tumor. We took advantage of this method to assess the role of IL-9 in infections with nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    , where IL-9 production correlates with the resistant phenotype. C57BL\/6 mice, which normally expel the parasite, became susceptible after anti-IL-9 immunization, demonstrating that IL-9 plays a critical role in this model. In addition, neutralization of IL-9 also inhibited parasite-induced blood eosinophilia. Taken together, the present data demonstrate the potency of our strategy to antagonize IL-9\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and shows that this cytokine plays a major role in resistance against\n                    <jats:italic>T. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.2.767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:32:33Z","timestamp":1027679553000},"page":"767-772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Anti-IL-9 vaccination prevents worm expulsion and blood eosinophilia in\n                    <i>Trichuris muris<\/i>\n                    -infected mice"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"M\u00e9lisande","family":"Richard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, B-1200-Brussels; Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, B-1200-Brussels; Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil E.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, B-1200-Brussels; Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute of 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