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This paper evaluates the\n existing epidemiological studies and applies the resulting risks to the\n more than three-quarters of all Indian households dependent on such\n fuels. Allowance is made for the existence of improved stoves with\n chimneys and other factors that may lower exposures. Attributable risks\n are calculated in reference to the demographic conditions and patterns\n of each disease in India. Sufficient evidence is available to estimate\n risks most confidently for acute respiratory infections (ARI), chronic\n obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. Estimates for\n tuberculosis (TB), asthma, and blindness are of intermediate\n confidence. Estimates for heart disease have the lowest confidence.\n Insufficient quantitative evidence is currently available to estimate\n the impact of adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g., low birthweight and\n stillbirth). The resulting conservative estimates indicate that some\n 400\u2013550 thousand premature deaths can be attributed annually to use of\n biomass fuels in these population groups. Using a disability-adjusted\n lost life-year approach, the total is 4\u20136% of the Indian national\n burden of disease, placing indoor air pollution as a major risk factor\n in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.24.13286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:44:19Z","timestamp":1027680259000},"page":"13286-13293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":326,"title":["National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Kirk R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA\r 94720-7360; and East-West Center, Honolulu, HI 96848"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.eg.18.110193.002525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Air Management Information System (AMIS)","year":"1999","unstructured":"Air Management Information System (AMIS) (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Air Pollution and Health","author":"Holgate S T","year":"1999","unstructured":", eds S T Holgate, J M Samet, H S Koren, R L Maynard (Academic, San Diego Air Pollution and Health, 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Environmental Toxicants","author":"Lippmann M","year":"2000","unstructured":", ed M Lippmann (Wiley-Interscience, New York Environmental Toxicants, 2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Smith K. 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