{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:30:41Z","timestamp":1791261041227,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Among the earliest and most important stages during tumorigenesis is the activation of the angiogenic process, an event that is termed the \u201cswitch to the angiogenic phenotype.\u201d We have developed an\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    system that can reliably recapitulate the stages in tumor development that represent this transition. Using this model, we have harvested and studied tumor nodules that can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their degree of vascularization. Angiogenic tumor nodules were characterized by the presence of capillary vessels as determined by factor VIII immunohistochemistry, and both angiogenic and proteolytic activities\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In contrast, preangiogenic nodules were devoid of microvessels and showed little angiogenic or proteolytic activity\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Addition of a specific metalloproteinase inhibitor resulted in the abrogation of both angiogenic and proteolytic activities of the angiogenic nodules\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Comparative substrate gel electrophoresis detected the presence of a prominent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) in the angiogenic nodules when compared with the preangiogenic ones. Suppression of MMP-2 activity by antisense oligonucleotides in the vascular nodules resulted in the loss of angiogenic potential both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Moreover, this suppression of MMP-2 activity in angiogenic nodules inhibited tumor growth\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    by approximately 70%. These results strongly implicate the activity of MMP-2 as a requirement for the switch to the angiogenic phenotype and validate this model as a reliable and reproducible tool by which to study other cellular and biochemical factors involved in the acquisition of the angiogenic phenotype.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.8.3884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:41:48Z","timestamp":1027680108000},"page":"3884-3889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":306,"title":["Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is required for the switch to the angiogenic phenotype in a tumor model"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Jianmin","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuen","family":"Shing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Wiederschain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Butterfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Tamvakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsha A.","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Surgical Research, Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80108-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.31.21491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"295","volume":"63","author":"Cockett M I","year":"1998","unstructured":"M I Cockett, G Murphy, M L Birch, J P O'Connell, T Crabbe, A T Millican, I R Hart, A J Docherty Biochem Soc Symp 63, 295\u2013313 (1998).","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Symp"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899909019260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800051097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1694043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.119.2.475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041570219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041600122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"817","volume":"38","author":"Anand-Apte B","year":"1997","unstructured":"B Anand-Apte, M S Pepper, E Voest, R Montesano, B Olsen, G Murphy, S S Apte, B Zetter Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38, 817\u2013823 (1997).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"554","volume":"13","author":"Hodgson J","year":"1995","unstructured":"J Hodgson Biotechnology 13, 554\u2013557 (1995).","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.4.293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"1252","volume":"59","author":"Lozonschi L","year":"1999","unstructured":"L Lozonschi, M Sunamura, M Kobari, S Egawa, L Ding, S Matsuno Cancer Res 59, 1252\u20131258 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0195-27"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.150180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6870"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197108122850711"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6199844"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90200-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/339058a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.2645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(86)90131-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1997.272.6.C1960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35860-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36856-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90104-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.99.6.2034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1097-1137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/18.2.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(77)90141-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.2.671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041530317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1997.2056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980302)75:5<780::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81169-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.8.2292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.14.7069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/370555a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.50.31730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041560204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.9.3064.409k07_3064_3073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199101033240101"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.97.8.3884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T17:11:02Z","timestamp":1649869862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.97.8.3884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.97.8.3884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.97.8.3884","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-10-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1999-12-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-04-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}