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Overall, these analyses suggest that the last common ancestor lived between 1866 and 1679 Ma, consistent with the earliest microfossils interpreted with confidence as eukaryotic. During this interval, the Earth's surface differed markedly from today; for example, the oceans were incompletely ventilated, with ferruginous and, after about 1800 Ma, sulfidic water masses commonly lying beneath moderately oxygenated surface waters. Our time estimates also indicate that the major clades of eukaryotes diverged before 1000 Ma, with most or all probably diverging before 1200 Ma. Fossils, however, suggest that diversity within major extant clades expanded later, beginning about 800 Ma, when the oceans began their transition to a more modern chemical state. In combination, paleontological and molecular approaches indicate that long stems preceded diversification in the major eukaryotic lineages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110633108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,2]],"date-time":"2011-08-02T23:15:35Z","timestamp":1312326935000},"page":"13624-13629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":869,"title":["Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Laura Wegener","family":"Parfrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003;"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J. 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