{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:35:48Z","timestamp":1761057348943},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            -dependent synaptic vesicle-recycling pathway emanating from the plasma membrane adjacent to the dense body at the active zone has been demonstrated by blocking pinch-off of recycling membrane by using the\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant,\n            <jats:italic>shibire<\/jats:italic>\n            . Exposure of wild-type\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            synapses to low Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            \/high Mg\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            saline is shown here to block this active zone recycling pathway at the stage in which invaginations of the plasma membrane develop adjacent to the dense body. These observations, in combination with our previous demonstration that exposure to high Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            causes \u201cdocked\u201d vesicles to accumulate in the identical location where active zone endocytosis occurs, suggest the possibility that a vesicle-recycling pathway emanating from the active zone may exist that is stimulated by exposure to elevated Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            , thereby causing an increase in vesicle recycling, and is suppressed by exposure to low Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            saline, thereby blocking newly forming vesicles at the invagination stage. The presence of a Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            -dependent endocytotic pathway at the active zone opens up the following possibilities: (\n            <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n            ) electron microscopic omega-shaped images (and their equivalent, freeze fracture dimples) observed at the active zone adjacent to the dense body could represent endocytotic images (newly forming vesicles) rather than exocytotic images; (\n            <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n            ) vesicles observed attached to the plasma membrane adjacent to the dense body could represent newly formed vesicles rather than vesicles \u201cdocked\u201d for release of transmitter.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:40:11Z","timestamp":1027694411000},"page":"12677-12682","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Omega images at the active zone may be endocytotic rather than exocytotic: Implications for the vesicle hypothesis of transmitter release"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Jane H.","family":"Koenig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010; and Natural Science Laboratory, The Toyo University, Asaka-shi, Saitama, 351 Japan"}]},{"given":"Kageyuki","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010; and Natural Science Laboratory, The Toyo University, Asaka-shi, Saitama, 351 Japan"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010; and Natural Science Laboratory, The Toyo University, Asaka-shi, Saitama, 351 Japan"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Microphysiologie Compar\u00e9e des El\u00e9ments Excitables","author":"del Castillo J","year":"1955","unstructured":"J del Castillo, B Katz Microphysiologie Compar\u00e9e des El\u00e9ments Excitables (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Colloques Internationaux, Paris) 6, 234\u2013258 (1955)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80238-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.57.2.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1989.sp003333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"2346","volume":"271","author":"Couteaux R","year":"1970","unstructured":"R Couteaux, M Pecot-Dechavassine Comptes Rend Acad Sci (Paris) Ser D 271, 2346\u20132349 (1970).","journal-title":"Comptes Rend Acad Sci (Paris) Ser D"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.88.3.564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.135.3.797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-06-02313.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"369","volume-title":"The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila","author":"Ikeda K","year":"1980","unstructured":"K Ikeda The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, eds M Ashburner, T R F Wright (Academic, New York) 2, 369\u2013405 (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.89.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.81.1.178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90317-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"535","volume":"189","author":"Katz B","year":"1967","unstructured":"B Katz, R Miledi J Neurophysiol 189, 535\u2013544 (1967).","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.81.2.275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.101.4.1386"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12677","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T21:02:16Z","timestamp":1649883736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,13]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12677","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-05-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-08-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-10-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}