{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:21:53Z","timestamp":1790047313296,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Differential\n                    <jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression between vertebrate species has been implicated in the divergence of axial morphology. To examine this relationship, we have compared expression and transcriptional regulation of\n                    <jats:italic>Hoxc8<\/jats:italic>\n                    in chicken and mouse. In both species, expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Hoxc8<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the paraxial mesoderm and neural tube is associated with midthoracic and brachial identities, respectively. During embryogenesis, there is a temporal delay in the activation of\n                    <jats:italic>Hoxc8<\/jats:italic>\n                    in chicken compared with mouse. As a result, chicken\n                    <jats:italic>Hoxc8<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in the paraxial mesoderm is at a posterior axial level, extending over a smaller domain compared with mouse\n                    <jats:italic>Hoxc8<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. This finding is consistent with a shorter thoracic region in chicken compared with mouse. In addition, the chicken\n                    <jats:italic>Hoxc8<\/jats:italic>\n                    early enhancer, differing from its mouse counterpart in only a few specific nucleotides, directs a reporter gene expression to a more posterior domain in transgenic mouse embryos. These findings are consistent with the concept that the diversification of axial morphology has been achieved through changes in\n                    <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -regulation of developmental control genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:40:11Z","timestamp":1027680011000},"page":"2355-2360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Modification of expression and\n                    <i>cis<\/i>\n                    -regulation of\n                    <i>Hoxc8<\/i>\n                    in the evolution of diverged axial morphology"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Heinz-Georg","family":"Belting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Genetics, Yale University, POB 208103, New Haven, CT 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cooduvalli S.","family":"Shashikant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Genetics, Yale University, POB 208103, New Haven, CT 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank H.","family":"Ruddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Genetics, Yale University, POB 208103, New Haven, CT 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.28.120194.002231","volume":"28","author":"Ruddle F H","year":"1994","unstructured":"F H Ruddle, J L Bartels, K L Bentley, C Kappen, M T Murtha, J W Pendleton Annu Rev Genet 28, 423\u2013442 (1994).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"567","volume":"276","author":"Lewis E B","year":"1978","unstructured":"E B Lewis Nature (London) 276, 567\u2013570 (1978).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/376479a0","volume":"376","author":"Carrol S B","year":"1995","unstructured":"S B Carrol Nature (London) 376, 479\u2013485 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(96)80074-8","volume":"6","author":"Palopoli M F","year":"1996","unstructured":"M F Palopoli, N H Patel Curr Opin Genet Dev 6, 502\u2013508 (1996).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"549","volume":"38","author":"Gaunt S J","year":"1994","unstructured":"S J Gaunt Int J Dev Biol 38, 549\u2013552 (1994).","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.2.333","volume":"121","author":"Burke A C","year":"1995","unstructured":"A C Burke, C E Nelson, B A Morgan, C Tabin Development (Cambridge, UK) 121, 333\u2013346 (1995).","journal-title":"Development (Cambridge, UK)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Averof M. & Patel N. 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