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We also tested 10 Brazilian Amerindians and observed that their AAI values fell in the same range as the Europeans. Finally, we studied two different Brazilian population samples. The first consisted of 173 individuals from a rural Southeastern community, clinically classified according to their Color (white, black, or intermediate) with a multivariate evaluation based on skin pigmentation in the medial part of the arm, hair color and texture, and the shape of the nose and lips. In contrast to the clear-cut results with the African and European samples, our results showed large variances and extensive overlaps among the three Color categories. We next embarked on a study of 200 unrelated Brazilian white males who originated from cosmopolitan centers of the four major geographic regions of the country. The results showed AAI values intermediate between Europeans and Africans, even in southern Brazil, a region predominantly peopled by European immigrants. Our data suggest that in Brazil, at an individual level, color, as determined by physical evaluation, is a poor predictor of genomic African ancestry, estimated by molecular markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0126614100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,7]],"date-time":"2003-01-07T17:22:42Z","timestamp":1041960162000},"page":"177-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":690,"title":["Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Flavia C.","family":"Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamentos de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia and Parasitologia, and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; and Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Roberto C.","family":"Amado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamentos de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia and Parasitologia, and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; and Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Lambertucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamentos de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia and Parasitologia, and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; and Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamentos de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia and Parasitologia, and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; and Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamentos de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia and Parasitologia, and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; and Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio D. 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