{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T04:00:07Z","timestamp":1774411207861,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a human intracellular pathogen that is able to survive in the gastrointestinal environment and replicate in macrophages, thus bypassing the early innate immune defenses. Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential component of the bacterial cell wall readily exposed to the host and, thus, an important target for the innate immune system. Characterization of the PG from\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated deacetylation of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -acetylglucosamine residues. We identified a PG N-deacetylase gene,\n                    <jats:italic>pgdA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome sequence. Inactivation of\n                    <jats:italic>pgdA<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed the key role of this PG modification in bacterial virulence because the mutant was extremely sensitive to the bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme, and growth was severely impaired after oral and i.v. inoculations. Within macrophage vacuoles, the mutant was rapidly destroyed and induced a massive IFN-\u03b2 response in a TLR2 and Nod1-dependent manner. Together, these results reveal that PG N-deacetylation is a highly efficient mechanism used by\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    to evade innate host defenses. The presence of deacetylase genes in other pathogenic bacteria indicates that PG N-deacetylation could be a general mechanism used by bacteria to evade the host innate immune system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609672104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,10]],"date-time":"2007-01-10T20:43:18Z","timestamp":1168461798000},"page":"997-1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":333,"title":["A critical role for peptidoglycan N-deacetylation in\n                    <i>Listeria<\/i>\n                    evasion from the host innate immune system"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Ivo G.","family":"Boneca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Bact\u00e9rienne des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dussurget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des 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