{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T04:30:42Z","timestamp":1776486642207,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Leishmaniasis is a geographically widespread severe disease, with an increasing incidence of two million cases per year and 350 million people from 88 countries at risk. The causative agents are species of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a protozoan flagellate. Visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of the disease, lethal if untreated, is caused by species of the\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex. These species are morphologically indistinguishable but have been identified by molecular methods, predominantly multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. We have conducted a multifactorial genetic analysis that includes DNA sequences of protein-coding genes as well as noncoding segments, microsatellites, restriction-fragment length polymorphisms, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs, for a total of \u224818,000 characters for each of 25 geographically representative strains. Genotype is strongly correlated with geographical (continental) origin, but not with current taxonomy or clinical outcome. We propose a new taxonomy, in which\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    are the only recognized species of the\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex, and we present an evolutionary hypothesis for the origin and dispersal of the species. The genus\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    may have originated in South America, but diversified after migration into Asia.\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    diverged \u22481 Mya, with further divergence of infraspecific genetic groups between 0.4 and 0.8 Mya. The prevailing mode of reproduction is clonal, but there is evidence of genetic exchange between strains, particularly in Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703678104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]],"date-time":"2007-05-22T18:08:20Z","timestamp":1179857300000},"page":"9375-9380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":346,"title":["Evolutionary and geographical history of the\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>\n                    complex with a revision of current taxonomy"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Julius","family":"Luke\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic;"}]},{"given":"Isabel L.","family":"Mauricio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom;"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sch\u00f6nian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Dujardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium;"}]},{"given":"Ketty","family":"Soteriadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Dedet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"**Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 1, 34090 Montpellier, France; and"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Kuhls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;"}]},{"given":"K. Wilber Quispe","family":"Tintaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium;"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Jirk\u016f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Chocholov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Haralambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Pratlong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"**Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 1, 34090 Montpellier, France; and"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Oborn\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic;"}]},{"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Hor\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United 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