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The colonization of Eurasia by plethodontids most likely occurred once, by dispersal during the late Cretaceous. Subsequent diversification in Asia led to the origin of\n            <jats:italic>Hydromantes<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Karsenia<\/jats:italic>\n            , with the former then dispersing both to Europe and back to North America. Salamanders underwent rapid episodes of diversification and dispersal that coincided with major global warming events during the late Cretaceous and again during the Paleocene\u2013Eocene thermal optimum. The major clades of plethodontids were established during these episodes, contemporaneously with similar phenomena in angiosperms, arthropods, birds, and mammals. Periods of global warming may have promoted diversification and both inter- and transcontinental dispersal in northern hemisphere salamanders by making available terrain that shortened dispersal routes and offered new opportunities for adaptive and vicariant evolution.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705056104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,6]],"date-time":"2007-12-06T01:59:13Z","timestamp":1196906353000},"page":"19903-19907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Rapid diversification and dispersal during periods of global warming by plethodontid salamanders"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"David R.","family":"Vieites","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160; and"}]},{"given":"Mi-Sook","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 Program for Veterinary Science and Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160; and"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","unstructured":"AmphibiaWeb: Information on Amphibian Biology and Conservation. 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