{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:03:12Z","timestamp":1790834592482,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>People automatically evaluate faces on multiple trait dimensions, and these evaluations predict important social outcomes, ranging from electoral success to sentencing decisions. Based on behavioral studies and computer modeling, we develop a 2D model of face evaluation. First, using a principal components analysis of trait judgments of emotionally neutral faces, we identify two orthogonal dimensions, valence and dominance, that are sufficient to describe face evaluation and show that these dimensions can be approximated by judgments of trustworthiness and dominance. Second, using a data-driven statistical model for face representation, we build and validate models for representing face trustworthiness and face dominance. Third, using these models, we show that, whereas valence evaluation is more sensitive to features resembling expressions signaling whether the person should be avoided or approached, dominance evaluation is more sensitive to features signaling physical strength\/weakness. Fourth, we show that important social judgments, such as threat, can be reproduced as a function of the two orthogonal dimensions of valence and dominance. The findings suggest that face evaluation involves an overgeneralization of adaptive mechanisms for inferring harmful intentions and the ability to cause harm and can account for rapid, yet not necessarily accurate, judgments from faces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805664105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,6]],"date-time":"2008-08-06T21:35:20Z","timestamp":1218058520000},"page":"11087-11092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1443,"title":["The functional basis of face evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Nikolaas N.","family":"Oosterhof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"165","volume-title":"The Face","author":"McNeill D","year":"1998","unstructured":"D McNeill The Face (Little, Brown, Boston), pp. 165\u2013169 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Criminal Man","author":"Lombroso C","year":"2006","unstructured":"C Lombroso Criminal Man (Duke UnivPress, Durham, NC), pp. 51 (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.5.837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705435104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2006.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00739.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.2.269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/30982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.9.1508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsn009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/JCEP.2.2004.1-2.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Evolution and Social Psychology","author":"Zebrowitz LA","year":"2006","unstructured":"LA Zebrowitz, JM Montepare Evolution and Social Psychology, eds M Schaller, JA Simpson, DT Kenrick (Psychology Press, New York), pp. 81\u2013113 (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0703_01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.3.395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"The Measurement of Meaning","author":"Osgood CE","year":"1957","unstructured":"CE Osgood, GI Suci, PH Tennenbaum The Measurement of Meaning (Univ of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1957)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.38.3.375"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.2.296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Blanz T Vetter (Addison Wesley Longman Los Angeles) pp. 187\u2013194 (1999).","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311556"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006623213355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02281954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027332800296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View","author":"Fridlund AJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"AJ Fridlund Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View (Academic, San Diego, 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-006-9020-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.1.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Person Perception and Interpersonal Behavior","author":"Secord PF","year":"1958","unstructured":"PF Secord Person Perception and Interpersonal Behavior, eds R Tagiuri, L Petrullo (Stanford Univ Press, Stanford, CA), pp. 301\u2013314 (1958)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290802044996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(81)90021-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"Reading Faces: Window to the Soul?","author":"Zebrowitz LA","year":"1999","unstructured":"LA Zebrowitz Reading Faces: Window to the Soul? (Westview, Boulder, CO, 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2008.00109.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"919","article-title":"Trustworthy but not lust-worthy: Context specific effects of facial resemblance","volume":"272","author":"DeBruine LM","year":"2005","unstructured":"LM DeBruine, Trustworthy but not lust-worthy: Context specific effects of facial resemblance. Proc R Soc London Ser B 272, 919\u2013922 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc R Soc London Ser B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.31.6.997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226218526.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp1504_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1990.8.4.343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672962212006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.5.1300"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","volume-title":"Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces","author":"Lundqvist D","year":"1998","unstructured":"D Lundqvist, A Flykt, A Ohman Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (Psychology Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","unstructured":"Facegen Main Software Development Kit. (Singular Inversions Vancouver BC CanadaVersion 3.1. (2005)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0805664105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T05:35:01Z","timestamp":1738301701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0805664105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0805664105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0805664105","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-08-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}