{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:40:01Z","timestamp":1776382801395,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) introduced a new framework for analyzing social\u2013ecological systems that has had wide influence in the policy and scientific communities. Studies after the MA are taking up new challenges in the basic science needed to assess, project, and manage flows of ecosystem services and effects on human well-being. Yet, our ability to draw general conclusions remains limited by focus on discipline-bound sectors of the full social\u2013ecological system. At the same time, some polices and practices intended to improve ecosystem services and human well-being are based on untested assumptions and sparse information. The people who are affected and those who provide resources are increasingly asking for evidence that interventions improve ecosystem services and human well-being. New research is needed that considers the full ensemble of processes and feedbacks, for a range of biophysical and social systems, to better understand and manage the dynamics of the relationship between humans and the ecosystems on which they rely. Such research will expand the capacity to address fundamental questions about complex social\u2013ecological systems while evaluating assumptions of policies and practices intended to advance human well-being through improved ecosystem services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808772106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T03:08:45Z","timestamp":1233198525000},"page":"1305-1312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1680,"title":["Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;"}]},{"given":"Harold A.","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020;"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Agard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies;"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Capistrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Ba\u00f1os, 4031 Laguna, Philippines;"}]},{"given":"Ruth S.","family":"DeFries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal (CONICET-FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science and Policy Program and Departments of Sociology and Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864;"}]},{"given":"Anantha K.","family":"Duraiappah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Policy Implementation, United Nations Environment Programme, P. O. Box 47074, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Oteng-Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Health Sector, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P. O. Box MB 32, Accra, Ghana;"}]},{"given":"Henrique Miguel","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Perrings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3211;"}]},{"given":"Walter V.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservation and Science Program, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 300 Second Street, Los Altos, CA 94022;"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sarukhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510 DF, Mexico;"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Scholes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Water, Environment, and Forestry Technology, P. O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; and"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Whyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mestor Associates, 739 Hamilton Road, Russell, ON, Canada K4R 1E5"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611291104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804960105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704119104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"The Drama of the Commons","year":"2002","unstructured":"The Drama of the Commons (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Sustainability or Collapse? An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth","author":"Costanza R","year":"2007","unstructured":"R Costanza, LJ Graumlich, W Steffen Sustainability or Collapse? An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Global Change and the Earth System","author":"Steffen W","year":"2004","unstructured":"W Steffen, et al. Global Change and the Earth System (Springer, Berlin, 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"Ecosystem Change and Human Well Being: Research and Monitoring Priorities Based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ecosystem Change and Human Well Being: Research and Monitoring Priorities Based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (International Council of Science, Paris, 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Scenarios","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Scenarios (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Policy Responses","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Policy Responses (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Multiscale Assessments","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Multiscale Assessments (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709893105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606955103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1463"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00007-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704716104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Caribbean Sea ecosystem assessment (CARSEA)","volume":"8","author":"Agard J","year":"2007","unstructured":"J Agard, A Cropper, Caribbean Sea ecosystem assessment (CARSEA). Caribbean Mar Stud 8, 1\u201385 (2007).","journal-title":"Caribbean Mar Stud"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.52.2.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-007-0136-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707823105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Punctuated Equilibrium and the Dynamics of U.S. Environmental Policy","author":"Repetto RE","year":"2006","unstructured":"RE Repetto Punctuated Equilibrium and the Dynamics of U.S. Environmental Policy (Yale Univ Press, New Haven, CT, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00664-090203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"2069","article-title":"Ecological futures: Building an ecology of the long now","volume":"83","author":"Carpenter SR","year":"2002","unstructured":"SR Carpenter, Ecological futures: Building an ecology of the long now. Ecology 83, 2069\u20132083 (2002).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"Resilience Thinking","author":"Walker BH","year":"2006","unstructured":"BH Walker, D Salt Resilience Thinking (Island Press, Washington DC, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","volume-title":"Human Development Report","year":"2003","unstructured":"Human Development Report (Oxford Univ Press, New York, 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195156041.001.0001","volume-title":"Win--Win Ecology: How the Earth's Species Can Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise","author":"Rosenzweig M","year":"2003","unstructured":"M Rosenzweig Win--Win Ecology: How the Earth's Species Can Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise (Oxford Univ Press, New York, 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Evaluating Eden: Exploring the Myths and Realities of Community-Based Wildlife Management","author":"Roe D","year":"2000","unstructured":"D Roe, et al. Evaluating Eden: Exploring the Myths and Realities of Community-Based Wildlife Management (International Institute of Environment and Development, London, 2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705797105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01667-110128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[191:TFOPSI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0327.2007.00174.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-008-9049-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706178105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1897\/IEAM_2004a-015.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","volume-title":"Quantifying Tradeoffs Between Sustainable Land Management and Other Environmental Concerns","author":"Scholes RJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"RJ Scholes, GP von Maltitz Quantifying Tradeoffs Between Sustainable Land Management and Other Environmental Concerns (United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Environmentally efficient well-being: Rethinking sustainability as the relationship between human well-being and environmental impacts","volume":"16","author":"Dietz T","year":"2008","unstructured":"T Dietz, EA Rosa, R York, Environmentally efficient well-being: Rethinking sustainability as the relationship between human well-being and environmental impacts. Human Ecol Rev 16, 113\u2013122 (2008).","journal-title":"Human Ecol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Earth System Analysis for Sustainability","author":"Clark WC","year":"2004","unstructured":"WC Clark, PJ Crutzen, HJ Schellnhuber, Science for global sustainability: Toward a new paradigm. Earth System Analysis for Sustainability, eds HJ Schellnhuber, PJ Crutzen, WC Clark, M Claussen, H Held (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp. 1\u201328 (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Ecological economics after the Millennium Assessment","volume":"6","author":"Perrings C","year":"2006","unstructured":"C Perrings, Ecological economics after the Millennium Assessment. Int J Ecol Econ Stat 6, 8\u201322 (2006).","journal-title":"Int J Ecol Econ Stat"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"The challenge of common-pool resources","volume":"50","author":"Ostrom E","year":"2008","unstructured":"E Ostrom, The challenge of common-pool resources. Environment 50, 10\u201320 (2008).","journal-title":"Environment"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/080025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800208105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705503104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800437105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","volume-title":"The State of the Nation's Ecosystems 2008","year":"2008","unstructured":"The State of the Nation's Ecosystems 2008 (Island Press, Washington DC, 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702288104"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0808772106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T18:08:55Z","timestamp":1710007735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0808772106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0808772106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0808772106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-09-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-02-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}